Industrial Control Systems - Currently, risk assessment of industrial control systems is static and performed manually. With the increased convergence of operational technology and information technology, risk assessment has to incorporate a combined safety and security analysis along with their interdependency. This paper investigates the data inputs required for safety and security assessments, also if the collection and utilisation of such data can be automated. A particular focus is put on integrated assessment methods which have the potential for automation. In case the overall process to identify potential hazards and threats and analyze what could happen if they occur can be automated, manual efforts and cost of operation can be reduced, thus also increasing the overall performance of risk assessment.

Industrial Control Systems - With the introduction of the national “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” strategic goals and the accelerated construction of the new generation of power systems, cloud applications built on advanced IT technologies play an increasingly important role in meeting the needs of digital power business. In view of the characteristics of the current power industrial control system operation support cloud platform with wide coverage, large amount of log data, and low analysis intelligence, this paper proposes a cloud platform network security behavior audit method based on FP-Growth association rule algorithm, aiming at the uniqueness of the operating data of the cloud platform that directly interacts with the isolated system environment of power industrial control system. By using the association rule algorithm to associate and classify user behaviors, our scheme formulates abnormal behavior judgment standards, establishes an automated audit strategy knowledge base, and improves the security audit efficiency of power industrial control system operation support cloud platform. The intelligent level of log data analysis enables effective discovery, traceability and management of internal personnel operational risks.

Industrial Control Systems - The Industrial Internet expands the attack surface of industrial control systems(ICS), bringing cybersecurity threats to industrial controllers located in operation technology(OT) networks. Honeypot technology is an important means to detect network attacks. However, the existing honeypot system cannot simulate business logic and is difficult to resist highly concealed APT attacks. This paper proposes a high-simulation ICS security defense framework based on virtualization technology. The framework utilizes virtualization technology to build twins for protected control systems. The architecture can infer the execution results of control instructions in advance based on actual production data, so as to discover hidden attack behaviors in time. This paper designs and implements a prototype system and demonstrates the effectiveness and potential of this architecture for ICS security.

Industrial Control Systems - With the wide application of Internet technology in the industrial control field, industrial control networks are getting larger and larger, and the industrial data generated by industrial control systems are increasing dramatically, and the performance requirements of the acquisition and storage systems are getting higher and higher. The collection and analysis of industrial equipment work logs and industrial timing data can realize comprehensive management and continuous monitoring of industrial control system work status, as well as intrusion detection and energy efficiency analysis in terms of traffic and data. In the face of increasingly large realtime industrial data, existing log collection systems and timing data gateways, such as packet loss and other phenomena [1], can not be more complete preservation of industrial control network thermal data. The emergence of software-defined networking provides a new solution to realize massive thermal data collection in industrial control networks. This paper proposes a 10-gigabit industrial thermal data acquisition and storage scheme based on software-defined networking, which uses software-defined networking technology to solve the problem of insufficient performance of existing gateways.

With the development of industrial informatization, information security in the power production industry is becoming more and more important. In the power production industry, as the critical information egress of the industrial control system, the information security of the Networked Control System is particularly important. This paper proposes a construction method for an information security platform of Networked Control System, which is used for research, testing and training of Networked Control System information security.

Industrial Control Systems - The new paradigm of industrial development, called Industry 4.0, faces the problems of Cybersecurity, and as it has already manifested itself in Information Systems, focuses on the use of Artificial Intelligence tools. The authors of this article build on their experience with the use of the above mentioned tools to increase the resilience of Information Systems against Cyber threats, approached to the choice of an effective structure of Cyber-protection of Industrial Systems, primarily analyzing the objective differences between them and Information Systems. A number of analyzes show increased resilience of the decentralized architecture in the management of large-scale industrial processes to the centralized management architecture. These considerations provide sufficient grounds for the team of the project to give preference to the decentralized structure with flock behavior for further research and experiments. The challenges are to determine the indicators which serve to assess and compare the impacts on the controlled elements.

Industrial Control Systems - The industrial Internet platform has been applied to various fields of industrial production, effectively improving the data flow of all elements in the production process, improving production efficiency, reducing production costs, and ensuring the market competitiveness of enterprises. The premise of the effective application of the industrial Internet platform is the interconnection of industrial equipment. In the industrial Internet platform, industrial robot is a very common industrial control device. These industrial robots are connected to the control network of the industrial Internet platform, which will have obvious advantages in production efficiency and equipment maintenance, but at the same time will cause more serious network security problems. The industrial robot system based on the industrial Internet platform not only increases the possibility of industrial robots being attacked, but also aggravates the loss and harm caused by industrial robots being attacked. At the same time, this paper illustrates the effects and scenarios of industrial robot attacks based on industrial interconnection platforms from four different scenarios of industrial robots being attacked. Availability and integrity are related to the security of the environment.

Industrial Control Systems - The fourth industrial revolution has led to the rapid development of industrial control systems. While the large number of industrial system devices connected to the Internet provides convenience for production management, it also exposes industrial control systems to more attack surfaces. Under the influence of multiple attack surfaces, sensitive data leakage has a more serious and time-spanning negative impact on industrial production systems. How to quickly locate the source of information leakage plays a crucial role in reducing the loss from the attack, so there are new requirements for tracing sensitive data in industrial control information systems. In this paper, we propose a digital watermarking traceability scheme for sensitive data in industrial control systems to address the above problems. In this scheme, we enhance the granularity of traceability by classifying sensitive data types of industrial control systems into text, image and video data with differentiated processing, and achieve accurate positioning of data sources by combining technologies such as national secret asymmetric encryption and hash message authentication codes, and mitigate the impact of mainstream watermarking technologies such as obfuscation attacks and copy attacks on sensitive data. It also mitigates the attacks against the watermarking traceability such as obfuscation attacks and copy attacks. At the same time, this scheme designs a data flow watermark monitoring module on the post-node of the data source to monitor the unauthorized sensitive data access behavior caused by other attacks.

Low-Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) run on resource-constrained devices and play a key role in many Industrial Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems based applications. But, achieving an energy-efficient routing in LLNs is a major challenge nowadays. This challenge is addressed by Routing Protocol for Low-power Lossy Networks (RPL), which is specified in RFC 6550 as a “Proposed Standard” at present. In RPL, a client node uses Destination Advertisement Object (DAO) control messages to pass on the destination information towards the root node. An attacker may exploit the DAO sending mechanism of RPL to perform a DAO Insider attack in LLNs. In this paper, it is shown that an aggressive attacker can drastically degrade the network performance. To address DAO Insider attack, a lightweight defense solution is proposed. The proposed solution uses an early blacklisting strategy to significantly mitigate the attack and restore RPL performance. The proposed solution is implemented and tested on Cooja Simulator.

The development of industrial robots, as a carrier of artificial intelligence, has played an important role in promoting the popularisation of artificial intelligence super automation technology. The paper introduces the system structure, hardware structure, and software system of the mobile robot climber based on computer big data technology, based on this research background. At the same time, the paper focuses on the climber robot's mechanism compound method and obstacle avoidance control algorithm. Smart home computing focuses on “home” and brings together related peripheral industries to promote smart home services such as smart appliances, home entertainment, home health care, and security monitoring in order to create a safe, secure, energy-efficient, sustainable, and comfortable residential living environment. It's been twenty years. There is still no clear definition of “intelligence at home,” according to Philips Inc., a leading consumer electronics manufacturer, which once stated that intelligence should comprise sensing, connectedness, learning, adaption, and ease of interaction. S mart applications and services are still in the early stages of development, and not all of them can yet exhibit these five intelligent traits.

Security is an essential requirement of Industrial Control System (ICS) environments and its underlying communication infrastructure. Especially the lowest communication level within Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems - the field level - commonly lacks security measures.Since emerging wireless technologies within field level expose the lowest communication infrastructure towards potential attackers, additional security measures above the prevalent concept of air-gapped communication must be considered.Therefore, this work analyzes security aspects for the wireless communication protocol IO-Link Wireless (IOLW), which is commonly used for sensor and actuator field level communication. A possible architecture for an IOLW safety layer has already been presented recently [1].In this paper, the overall attack surface of IOLW within its typical environment is analyzed and attack preconditions are investigated to assess the effectiveness of different security measures. Additionally, enhanced security measures are evaluated for the communication systems and the results are summarized. Also, interference of security measures and functional safety principles within the communication are investigated, which do not necessarily complement one another but may also have contradictory requirements.This work is intended to discuss and propose enhancements of the IOLW standard with additional security considerations in future implementations.

Cyber-attacks against Industrial Control Systems (ICS) can lead to catastrophic events which can be prevented by the use of security measures such as the Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS). In this work we experimentally demonstrate how to exploit the configuration vulnerabilities of SNORT one of the most adopted IPSs to significantly degrade the effectiveness of the IPS and consequently allowing successful cyber-attacks. We illustrate how to design a batch script able to retrieve and modify the configuration files of SNORT in order to disable its ability to detect and block Denial of Service (DoS) and ARP poisoning-based Man-In-The-Middle (MITM) attacks against a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) in an ICS network. Experimental tests performed on a water distribution testbed show that, despite the presence of IPS, the DoS and ARP spoofed packets reach the destination causing respectively the disconnection of the PLC from the ICS network and the modification of packets payload.

In the recent years, we have witnessed quite notable cyber-attacks targeting industrial automation control systems. Upgrading their cyber security is a challenge, not only due to long equipment lifetimes and legacy protocols originally designed to run in air-gapped networks. Even where multiple data sources are available and collection established, data interpretation usable across the different data sources remains a challenge. A modern hydro power plant contains the data sources that range from the classical distributed control systems to newer IoT- based data sources, embedded directly within the plant equipment and deeply integrated in the process. Even abundant collected data does not solve the security problems by itself. The interpretation of data semantics is limited as the data is effectively siloed. In this paper, the relevance of semantic integration of diverse data sources is presented in the context of a hydro power plant. The proposed semantic integration would increase the data interoperability, unlocking the data siloes and thus allowing ingestion of complementary data sources. The principal target of the data interoperability is to support the data-enhanced cyber security in an operational hydro power plant context. Furthermore, the opening of the data siloes would enable additional usage of the existing data sources in a structured semantically enriched form.

In this paper, we tried to summarize the practical experience of information security audits of nuclear power plants' automated process control system (I&C). The article presents a methodology for auditing the information security of instrumentation and control systems for nuclear power plants. The methodology was developed taking into account international and national Russian norms and rules and standards. The audit taxonomy, classification lifecycle are described. The taxonomy of information security audits shows that form, objectives of the I&C information security audit, and procedures can vary widely. A conceptual program is considered and discussed in details. The distinctive feature of the methodology is the mandatory consideration of the impact of information security on nuclear safety.

Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are widely deployed in the industrial control systems to protect network security. IDSs typically generate a huge number of alerts, which are time-consuming for system operators to process. Most of the alerts are individually insignificant false alarms. However, it is not the best solution to discard these alerts, as they can still provide useful information about network situation. Based on the study of characteristics of alerts in the industrial control systems, we adopt an enhanced method of exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control charts to help operators in processing alerts. We classify all detection signatures as regular and irregular according to their frequencies, set multiple control limits to detect anomalies, and monitor regular signatures for network security situational awareness. Extensive experiments have been performed using real-world alert data. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed enhanced EWMA method can greatly reduce the volume of alerts to be processed while reserving significant abnormal information.

Micro grid is a small-scale power supply network designed to provide electricity to small community with integrated renewable energy sources. A micro grid can be integrated to the utility grid. Due to lack of computerized analysis, mechanical switches causing slow response time, poor visibility and situational awareness blackouts are caused due to cascading of faults. This paper presents a brief survey on communication technologies used in smart grid and its extension to micro grid. By integration of communication network, device control, information collection and remote management an intelligent power management system can be achieved

While digitization of distribution grids through information and communications technology brings numerous benefits, it also increases the grid's vulnerability to serious cyber attacks. Unlike conventional systems, attacks on many industrial control systems such as power grids often occur in multiple stages, with the attacker taking several steps at once to achieve its goal. Detection mechanisms with situational awareness are needed to detect orchestrated attack steps as part of a coherent attack campaign. To provide a foundation for detection and prevention of such attacks, this paper addresses the detection of multi-stage cyber attacks with the aid of a graph-based cyber intelligence database and alert correlation approach. Specifically, we propose an approach to detect multi-stage attacks by lever-aging heterogeneous data to form a knowledge base and employ a model-based correlation approach on the generated alerts to identify multi-stage cyber attack sequences taking place in the network. We investigate the detection quality of the proposed approach by using a case study of a multi-stage cyber attack campaign in a future-orientated power grid pilot.

The power industrial control system is an important part of the national critical Information infrastructure. Its security is related to the national strategic security and has become an important target of cyber attacks. In order to solve the problem that the vulnerability detection technology of power industrial control system cannot meet the requirement of non-destructive, this paper proposes an industrial control vulnerability analysis technology combined with dynamic and static analysis technology. On this basis, an industrial control non-destructive vulnerability detection system is designed, and a simulation verification platform is built to verify the effectiveness of the industrial control non-destructive vulnerability detection system. These provide technical support for the safety protection research of the power industrial control system.

For the huge charging demands of numerous electric vehicles (EVs), coordinated charging is increasing in power grid. However, since connected with public networks, the coordinated charging control system is in a low-level cyber security and greatly vulnerable to malicious attacks. This paper investigates the malicious mode attack (MMA), which is a new cyber-attack pattern that simultaneously attacks massive EV charging piles to generate continuous sinusoidal power disturbance with the same frequency as the poorly-damped wide-area electromechanical mode. Thereby, high amplitude forced oscillations are stimulated by MMA, which seriously threats the stability of power systems and the power supply of charging stations. The potential threat of MMA is clarified by investigating the vulnerability of the IoT-based coordinated charging load control system, and an MMA process like Mirai is pointed out as an example. An MMA model is established for impact analysis. A hardware test platform is built for the verification of the MMA model. Test result verified the existence of MMA and the accuracy of the MMA model.

Human safety has always been the main priority when working near an industrial robot. With the rise of Human-Robot Collaborative environments, physical barriers to avoiding collisions have been disappearing, increasing the risk of accidents and the need for solutions that ensure a safe Human-Robot Collaboration. This paper proposes a safety system that implements Speed and Separation Monitoring (SSM) type of operation. For this, safety zones are defined in the robot's workspace following current standards for industrial collaborative robots. A deep learning-based computer vision system detects, tracks, and estimates the 3D position of operators close to the robot. The robot control system receives the operator's 3D position and generates 3D representations of them in a simulation environment. Depending on the zone where the closest operator was detected, the robot stops or changes its operating speed. Three different operation modes in which the human and robot interact are presented. Results show that the vision-based system can correctly detect and classify in which safety zone an operator is located and that the different proposed operation modes ensure that the robot's reaction and stop time are within the required time limits to guarantee safety.

The world’s most important industrial economy is particularly vulnerable to both external and internal threats, such as the one uncovered in Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and Industrial Control Systems (ICS). Upon those systems, the success criteria for security are quite dynamic. Security flaws in these automated SCADA systems have already been discovered by infiltrating the entire network in addition to reducing production line hazards. The objective of our review article is to show various potential future research voids that recent studies have, as well as how many methods are available to concentrate on specific aspects of risk assessment of manufactured systems. The state-of-the-art methods in cyber security risk assessment of SCADA systems are reviewed and compared in this research. Multiple contemporary risk assessment approaches developed for or deployed in the settings of a SCADA system are considered and examined in detail. We outline the approaches’ main points before analyzing them in terms of risk assessment, conventional analytical procedures, and research challenges. The paper also examines possible risk regions or locations where breaches in such automated SCADA systems can emerge, as well as solutions as to how to safeguard and eliminate the hazards when they arise during production manufacturing.

The SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) has become ubiquitous in industrial control systems. However, it may be exposed to cyber attack threats when it accesses the Internet. We propose a three-layer IDS (Intrusion Detection System) model, which integrates three main functions: access control, flow detection and password authentication. We use the reliability test system IEEE RTS-79 to evaluate the reliability. The experimental results provide insights into the establishment of the power SCADA system reliability enhancement strategies.

This paper designs a network security protection system based on artificial intelligence technology from two aspects of hardware and software. The system can simultaneously collect Internet public data and secret-related data inside the unit, and encrypt it through the TCM chip solidified in the hardware to ensure that only designated machines can read secret-related materials. The data edge-cloud collaborative acquisition architecture based on chip encryption can realize the cross-network transmission of confidential data. At the same time, this paper proposes an edge-cloud collaborative information security protection method for industrial control systems by combining end-address hopping and load balancing algorithms. Finally, using WinCC, Unity3D, MySQL and other development environments comprehensively, the feasibility and effectiveness of the system are verified by experiments.

Most of the recent high-profile attacks targeting cyber-physical systems (CPS) started with lengthy reconnaissance periods that enabled attackers to gain in-depth understanding of the victim’s environment. To simulate these stealthy attacks, several covert channel tools have been published and proven effective in their ability to blend into existing CPS communication streams and have the capability for data exfiltration and command injection.In this paper, we report a novel machine learning feature engineering and data processing pipeline for the detection of covert channel attacks on CPS systems with real-time detection throughput. The system also operates at the network layer without requiring physical system domain-specific state modeling, such as voltage levels in a power generation system. We not only demonstrate the effectiveness of using TCP payload entropy as engineered features and the technique of grouping information into network flows, but also pitch the proposed detector against scenarios employing advanced evasion tactics, and still achieve above 99% detection performance.

This paper is concered with the nonlinear cyber physical system (CPS) with uncertain parameters under false data injection (FDI) attacks. The interval type-2 (IT2) fuzzy model is utilized to approximate the nonlinear system, then the nonlinear system can be represented as a convex combination of linear systems. To detect the FDI attacks, a novel robust fuzzy extended state observer with H∞ preformance is proposed, where the fuzzy rules are utilized to the observer to estimate the FDI attacks. Utilizing the observation of the FDI attacks, a security control scheme is proposed in this paper, in which a compensator is designed to offset the FDI attacks. Simulation examples are given to illustrate the effecitveness of the proposed security scheme.