Quantum Computing Security 2022 - Emerging quantum algorithms that process data require that classical input data be represented as a quantum state. These data-processing algorithms often follow the gate model of quantum computing—which requires qubits to be initialized to a basis state, typically \textbar0 —and thus often employ state generation circuits to transform the initialized basis state to a data-representation state. There are many ways to encode classical data in a qubit, and the oft-applied approach of basis encoding does not allow optimization to the extent that other variants do. In this work, we thus consider automatic synthesis of addressable, quantum read-only memory (QROM) circuits, which act as data-encoding state-generation circuits. We investigate three data encoding approaches, one of which we introduce to provide improved dynamic range and precision. We present experimental results that compare these encoding methods for QROM synthesis to better understand the implications of and applications for each.

Quantum Computing Security 2022 - As the development of quantum computing hardware is on the rise, its potential application to various research areas has been investigated, including to machine learning. Recently, there have been several initiatives to expand the work to quantum federated learning (QFL). However, challenges arise due to the fact that quantum computation poses different characteristics from classical computation, giving an even more challenge for a federated setting. In this paper, we present a highlevel overview of the current state of research in QFL. Furthermore, we also describe in brief about quantum computation and discuss its present limitations in relation to QFL development. Additionally, possible approaches to deploy QFL are explored. Lastly, remarks and challenges of QFL are also presented.

Quantum Computing Security 2022 - Quantum kernels map data to higher dimensions for classification and have been shown to have an advantage over classical methods. In our work, we generalize recent results in binary quantum kernels to multivalued logic by using higher dimensional entanglement to create a qudit memory and show that the use of qudits offers advantages in terms of quantum memory representation as well as enhanced resolution in the outcome of the kernel calculation. Our method is not only capable of finding the kernel inner product of higher dimensional data but can also efficiently and concurrently compute multiple instances of quantum kernel computations in linear time. We discuss how this method increases efficiency and resolution for various distance-based classifiers that require large datasets when accomplished with higher-dimensioned quantum data encodings. We provide experimental results of our qudit kernel calculations with different data encoding methods through the use of a higher-dimensioned quantum computation simulator.

Quantum Computing Security 2022 - Recent advances in quantum computing have highlighted the vulnerabilities in contemporary RSA encryption. Shor’s approach for factoring numbers is becoming more tractable as quantum computing advances. This jeopardizes the security of any cryptographic system that is based on the complexity of factorisation. Many other crypto-systems based on theories like Elliptic Curve Cryptography are also vulnerable. To keep a cryptographic system safe against a quantum adversary, we must develop approaches based on a hard mathematical problem that is not vulnerable to quantum computer attacks, and we must develop Post Quantum Cryptography (PQC). One potential option is the use of lattices in a system called ring Learning with Errors (rLWE). Several techniques for postquantum encryption have been submitted to NIST. This paper studies the different speeds of different lattice-based protocols.

Quantum Computing Security 2022 - Cloud computing has turned into an important technology of our time. It has drawn attention due to its, availability, dynamicity, elasticity and pay as per use pricing mechanism this made multiple organizations to shift onto the cloud platform. It leverages the cloud to reduce administrative and backup overhead. Cloud computing offers a lot of versatility. Quantum technology, on the other hand, advances at a breakneck pace. Experts anticipate a positive outcome and predict that within the next decade, powerful quantum computers will be available. This has and will have a substantial impact on various sciences streams such as cryptography, medical research, and much more. Sourcing applications for business and informational data to the cloud, presents privacy and security concerns, which have become crucial in cloud installation and services adoption. To address the current security weaknesses, researchers and impacted organizations have offered several security techniques in the literature. The literature also gives a thorough examination of cloud computing security and privacy concerns.

Quantum Computing Security 2022 - With the continuous development of Internet of Things (IoT) technology, information and communication technology is also progressing rapidly, among which quantum computer secrecy communication scheme is a new type of cryptographic lock system. It uses both traditional security software encryption algorithms and classical cryptographic systems to achieve a series of operations such as secret storage, transmission and restoration of data. This paper introduces the principle of quantum key distribution and its applications from the physical level; then analyses its security problems and the corresponding research status and proposes improvement methods and measures; finally, with the goal of "bit-based computing information security", a new type of secure communication scheme is designed.

Quantum Computing Security 2022 - Quantum computing is a swiftly blooming technology that straps up the process of quantum mechanics to solve problems too complex for conventional computers. Quantum Cryptography applies algorithms to encrypt messages that it is never read by anyone outside of the unauthorized recipient. Using Quantum mechanics, for secure communication, we have to follow either a superposition or entanglement algorithm. When compared to superposition, entanglement algorithms are providing more security. Why because it is difficult for intruders to identify how the qubits maintain the relationship. In the existing system, Quantum Key Distribution for short distances has already implemented its even commercially available using entanglement algorithm (Artur Ekert E91 Protocol). In the proposed system, quantum communication over very long distances. In this paper, using Quantum entanglement; the keys are exchanged securely and identify eavesdropping in the communication channel.

Quantum Computing Security 2022 - We propose a new paradigm for security of quantum protocols. Instead of making one, powerful, difficult to check assumption about the system, we make a few, which are easy to verify or otherwise justify. This enables us to combine very high security levels with relatively low hardware complexity. We present a self-testing quantum random number generator that demonstrates the usefulness of our paradigm. We describe this device, prove its security against active attacks, backdoors and malfunctions and analyze its efficiency.

Quantum Computing Security 2022 - At present, the mature application of computer network and digitized information are increasingly popular, people s ability to crack encryption algorithms, and the traditional key system cannot guarantee the absolute security of the information system. This paper, on the data encryption of big data, data integrity and data disaster backup technology and quantum communication security of quantum key distribution, direct communication and quantum secret security sharing technology, proposed a quantum security computing route model based on the management condition of data authentication center. Based on the route model, this paper studies the image encryption technology of the linear model of quantum security computing from different technical perspectives to ensure the security of image information.

Quantum Computing Security 2022 - Geospatial fog computing system offers various benefits as a platform for geospatial computing services closer to the end users, including very low latency, good mobility, precise position awareness, and widespread distribution. In recent years, it has grown quickly. Fog nodes’ security is susceptible to a number of assaults, including denial of service and resource abuse, because to their widespread distribution, complex network environments, and restricted resource availability. This paper proposes a Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)-based geospatial quantum fog computing environment that offers a symmetric secret key negotiation protocol that can preserve informationtheoretic security. In QKD, after being negotiated between any two fog nodes, the secret keys can be given to several users in various locations to maintain forward secrecy and long-term protection. The new geospatial quantum fog computing environment proposed in this work is able to successfully withstand a variety of fog computing assaults and enhances information security.

QR Codes 2022 - For any robot, animal, or social animal to learn, understand, and respond appropriately, visual perception is the most critical capacity. This paper presents an example of computer vision-based research written in the Python programming language which employs libraries like OpenCV and NumPy. To navigate a robot on its own USB 2.0 highdefinition camera mounted on robot captures the video stream in the operating area. Identification and decoding of QR code from the visible environment of camera using the image processing and QR code detection algorithm. Tracking of QR code is done using the Kalman filter. The robot will function according to the decision taken by program logic developed in minicomputer depending on data input from the camera.

QR Codes 2022 - Poor hospital care in Peru is responsible for the constant dissatisfaction and time delays in care in a large number of patients who go to public hospitals. In this work, the development of a system was carried out to optimize the process of medical consultations using QR codes in the Hospitals of Peru that would allow the reduction of time in care and the increase in patient satisfaction. The implementation of the proposed system was supported by a new medical care process diagram, as well as the development of a mobile application for scheduling and managing appointments, complemented by the use of QR codes to display information. The validation process was carried out among a selected group of patients, determining that the time spent in medical attention decreased compared to that of a current medical appointment, in the same sense, satisfaction was increased.

QR Codes 2022 - This study examines a method of refining a low-resolution QR code image photographed from a distance into a decodable code image by using pix2pix, a deep learning technique. The experimental results confirm that the method can decode a 5.2 cm-square QR code taken from a distance of 4 m.

QR Codes 2022 - The study was conducted to model Wi-Fi password resource assets in a platform that can be shared and collaborated publicly securely and support dynamic data changes with online repository shortcuts documented in access support via dedicated search engines and QR CODE. This study uses 3 methods, namely the one-way SHA-256 HASH function which was formulated with the addition of sowing techniques and reversing techniques so as to produce a long String named Keycode, the second method uses modern cryptographic techniques, namely Digital Signature, which collects keycodes in Path the identity of the resource asset, and the last one is a QR CODE used as an access shortcut that collects digital signature access data. This study used testing data from comparator application contributors, namely wifimap.io randomly, the results of which the formulation results were then disassembled using the brute force technique using hashcat. The results of the research of password data from resources were successfully formulated into a combination of Strings with high confidentiality that cannot be disassembled to the original data but are still accessible to the owner and holder of the keycode that is balanced with the limitations of access control.

QR Codes 2022 - In this invited paper, the theory of quick response (QR) coded metasurfaces along with the realization of such kind of metasurfaces will be presented to the audience. The proposed metasurfaces can achieve more than 10-dB of RCS reduction over wide frequency band. The proposed 1-bit QR-coded metasurfaces can be designed without the need for any complicated and/or time-consuming algorithms to obtain the 1-bit phase distribution map required for low scattering and significant RCS reduction. The 1-bit phase coding sequence of the QR coded metasurfaces were generated using 1-bit QR code generator in MATLAB which are fast and efficient. It will be shown in this talk that a metasurfaces with their unit cells individual phase assigned according to 1-bit QR codes, are very powerful in achieving more than 10-dB RCS reduction with low-level diffusive scattering patterns. At microwave frequencies, 25 × 25 unit cells QR coded metasurface was designed with 1-bit phase distribution being similar to the QR code of the sentence “Radar Cross Section Reduction”, and more than 10-dB RCS reduction is preserved from 13.3 GHz to 24.5 GHz. At millimeter waves, 25 × 25 unit cells 1-bit metasurfaces were designed and their 1-bit phase distributions being same as the 1-bit QR codes of the words “Metasurface” and “IEEE” and more than 10-dB RCS reduction is preserved from 60 GHz to 120 GHz. It will be shown that such class of QR coded metasurfaces would reduce the design complexities associated with the conventional coding metasurfaces. The invited talk then will conclude with a discussion, design problems, and future challenges related with the proposed QR coded metasurfaces.

QR Codes 2022 - QR code is a typical two-dimensional code tag consisting of square symbols, which is widely used in social life due to the advantages of high readability and large storage capacity. However, its security performance is low, which has caused widespread concern among scholars in various industries. This paper proposes a three-level QR code scheme based on superpixel segmentation in response. Public information can be scanned directly from shares using any standard QR code scanner. Moreover, secret information can only be obtained by the dissimilarity of shares. The reconstructed secret image in this paper retains the main features of the embedded image, and the scheme is resistant to deformation, high load, and robust because it retains the advantages of visual ciphers and QR codes. Experimental results and analysis show this scheme has many advantages over other schemes.

QR Codes 2022 - Due to the high adoption rate of QR codes across the world, researchers have been attempting to improve classical QR codes by either improving their appearance to be more meaningful to human perception or improving their capability to store more messages. In this work, we propose dual image QR codes that aim to improve both aspects while preserving the ability to scan by standard QR code readers. We improve the appearance of the QR code using the halftone QR principle and increase the capacity of the QR code with the lenticular imaging technique. To test the robustness of the proposed QR code, we evaluated six important parameters and searched for appropriate conditions through 24, 000 combinations. From the experiments, we found 3, 714 appropriate conditions that achieved 100\% successful scanning rate. Lastly, we also list examples of use cases to use in real-world situations for the proposed dual image QR codes.

QR Codes 2022 - In order to enhance the security of the watermark and to ensure the stability of the algorithm against attacks and the concealment of the watermark, a NSCT-DWTSVD composite digital watermarking algorithm based on QR code is proposed. First, QR code encoding is conducted on the original watermark image to generate a QR code watermark image. In order to ensure the security of the watermark information, Arnold scrambling and encryption is performed on the QR code watermark information. Second, the original Lena image is carried out NSCT transform. The low frequency part that stores more information are selected for DWT. Then the low-frequency images with strong image resistance are performed SVD. The encrypted watermark information are embedded into the decomposed singular values. Through the experimental verification of the algorithm, the algorithm has strong concealment and strong resistance to conventional attacks on the basis of ensuring the security of watermarking. Especially for the rotation attack and JPEG compression attack, the NC values are above 0.92 and 1, respectively.

QR Codes 2022 - One of many challenges created by COVID-19 pandemic is to reduce need of contact. Quick Response (QR) codes offered a readily available solution to this challenge with offer to support contact less processes. Wide adaption of smart mobile devices like smart phones and tablets and huge number of mobile applications available in the respective application stores, which support QR code scanning acted as a catalyst in rapid adaption of QR codes to support contact less processes. Support of QR code-based processing rapidly increased during the pandemic, penetrated all processes like sales and marketing, authentication, and digital payments to name some. On one hand, this served the cause in terms of reducing contact, on other hand, factors like rapid adaption and using it in smart mobile devices, which are existing to cater to the larger purpose of human usage, scanning QR codes was not in that list to start with is bringing in the series of security issues which can arise starting from the human factor, software, misuse and hacking factors. This paper focuses on the QR code processes, differences in terms of security while using a smart device for QR codes when compared to the rugged devicebased barcode scanners, the kind of security issues such process can encounter while using smart devises for QR code scanning, factors that must be considered by the applications development as well as the consumers of such functionality and the way to ensure security of consumers of such functionality.

QR Codes 2022 - Quick Response code (QR code) is a 2-D matrix barcode which stores data in four different encoding modes (numeric, alphanumeric, kanji, binary). They are widely used nowadays and can be seen almost everywhere whether it is on cosmetics products, general stores, billboards and so on. It has become an important part of day to day activities. As an information sharing medium, it has become so user friendly and mobile-friendly that with just one scan through smart phones you get the information stored in it. The main intent of this work is to secure QR code from unauthorized access by allowing only those who have authorization to access it by using cryptography (by encrypting and decrypting the QR code using a key value). And further security was enhanced by applying ‘k’ out of ‘n’ visual cryptography scheme on the QR code. It creates ‘n’ no. of share of the QR code out of which ‘k’ no. of shares is required to restore it. This work will briefly explain how cryptography and visual cryptography were used to secure the QR code. The experimental results showed that there was no data loss during this process. Also, if at the time of decryption wrong key is entered then the QR code will not be generated. And also it is required to input minimum k number of generated shares of the QR code for the successful retrieval of QR code. Quality of the reconstructed QR code was also measured using PSNR and SSIM which showed that reconstructed QR code was of good quality as well as original QR code and reconstructed QR code were identical.

Provenance 2022 - The food market is changing dramatically in the last century as the world population is growing with the unprecedented pace. The wine industry is recognized as part of both agriculture and food industry, but also as a commodity. Developments in information technology and digitalization are playing a major role in the introduction of new solutions in agriculture and food production. The idea is to improve productivity of farms and vineyards, improve quality of agriculture products by optimizing irrigation, pesticide usage, and overall efficiency of the process. Furthermore, the consumer awareness about food products, its quality and origin, is on the constant rise. The information about the product throughout the whole “farm-to-fork”, or in this case “vineyard-to-glass”, value chain needs to be collected and utilized by all the participating stakeholders, in order to get a better, healthier, and more affordable product. This paper address the considerations related to implementation of a blockchain-based transparency and data provenance in the food value chain, more specifically with a focus on the wine industry.

Provenance 2022 - Scientific Workflow Management Systems (SWfMS) systematically capture and store diverse provenance information at various phases. Scientists compose multitude of queries on this information. The support of integrated query composition and visualization in existing SWfMS is limited. Most systems do not support any custom query composition. VisTrails and Taverna introduced custom query languages vtPQL and TriQL to support limited workflow monitoring. Galaxy only tracks histories of operations and displays in lists. No SWfMS supports a scientistfriendly user interface for provenance query composition and visualization. In this paper, we propose a domain-specific composition environment for provenance query of scientific workflows. As a proof of concept, we developed a provenance system for bioinformatics workflow management system and evaluated it in multiple dimensions, one for measuring the subjective perception of participants on the usability of it using NASA-TLX and SUS survey instruments and the other for measuring the flexibility through plugin integration using NASA-TLX.

Provenance 2022 - The Function-as-a-Service cloud computing paradigm has made large-scale application development convenient and efficient as developers no longer need to deploy or manage the necessary infrastructure themselves. However, as a consequence of this abstraction, developers lose insight into how their code is executed and data is processed. Cloud providers currently offer little to no assurance of the integrity of customer data. One approach to robust data integrity verification is the analysis of data provenance—logs that describe the causal history of data, applications, users, and non-person entities. This paper introduces ProProv, a new domain-specific language and graphical user interface for specifying policies over provenance metadata to automate provenance analyses.

Provenance 2022 - Traditional Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are struggling to keep up with the increase in sophisticated cyberattacks such as Advanced Persistent Threats (APT) over the past years. Provenance-based Intrusion Detection Systems (PIDS) utilize data provenance concepts to enable fine-grained event correlation, and the results show increased detection accuracy and reduced false-alarm rates compared to traditional IDS. Especially, rule-based approaches for the PIDS have demonstrated high detection accuracy, low false alarm, and fast detection time. However, rules are manually created by security experts, which is time-consuming and doesn’t ensure high-quality rule standards. To address this issue, we propose an automated rule generation framework to generate robust rules to describe malicious files automatically. As a result, high-quality rules can be used in PIDS to identify similar attacks and other affected systems promptly.

Provenance 2022 - Connected vehicles (CVs) have facilitated the development of intelligent transportation system that supports critical safety information sharing with minimum latency. However, CVs are vulnerable to different external and internal attacks. Though cryptographic techniques can mitigate external attacks, preventing internal attacks imposes challenges due to authorized but malicious entities. Thwarting internal attacks require identifying the trustworthiness of the participating vehicles. This paper proposes a trust management framework for CVs using interaction provenance that ensures privacy, considers both in-vehicle and vehicular network security incidents, and supports flexible security policies. For this purpose, we present an interaction provenance recording and trust management protocol. Different events are extracted from interaction provenance, and trustworthiness is calculated using fuzzy policies based on the events.