Neural Style Transfer - Style transfer is an optimizing technique that aims to blend style of input image to content image. Deep neural networks have previously surpassed humans in tasks such as object identification and detection. Deep neural networks, on the contrary, had been lagging behind in generating higher quality creative products until lately. This article introduces deep-learning techniques, which are vital in accomplishing human characteristics and open up a new world of prospects. The system employs a pre-trained CNN so that the styles of the provided image is transferred to the content image to generate high quality stylized image. The designed systems effectiveness is evaluated based on Mean Square Error (MSE), Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Structural Similarity Index Metrics (SSIM), it is noticed that the designed method effectively maintains the structural and textural information of the cover image.

Neural Style Transfer - Arbitrary image style transfer is a challenging task which aims to stylize a content image conditioned on arbitrary style images. In this task the feature-level content-style transformation plays a vital role for proper fusion of features. Existing feature transformation algorithms often suffer from loss of content or style details, non-natural stroke patterns, and unstable training. To mitigate these issues, this paper proposes a new feature-level style transformation technique, named Style Projection, for parameter-free, fast, and effective content-style transformation. This paper further presents a real-time feed-forward model to leverage Style Projection for arbitrary image style transfer, which includes a regularization term for matching the semantics between input contents and stylized outputs. Extensive qualitative analysis, quantitative evaluation, and user study have demonstrated the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed methods.

Neural Style Transfer - Deep learning has shown promising results in several computer vision applications, such as style transfer applications. Style transfer aims at generating a new image by combining the content of one image with the style and color palette of another image. When applying style transfer to a 4D Light Field (LF) that represents the same scene from different angular perspectives, new challenges and requirements are involved. While the visually appealing quality of the stylized image is an important criterion in 2D images, cross-view consistency is essential in 4D LFs. Moreover, the need for large datasets to train new robust models arises as another challenge due to the limited LF datasets that are currently available. In this paper, a neural style transfer approach is used, along with a robust propagation based on over-segmentation, to stylize 4D LFs. Experimental results show that the proposed solution outperforms the state-ofthe-art without any need for training or fine-tuning existing ones while maintaining consistency across LF views.

Neural Style Transfer - Text style transfer is a relevant task, contributing to theoretical and practical advancement in several areas, especially when working with non-parallel data. The concept behind nonparallel style transfer is to change a specific dimension of the sentence while retaining the overall context. Previous work used adversarial learning to perform such a task. Although it was not initially created to work with textual data, it proved very effective. Most of the previous work has focused on developing algorithms capable of transferring between binary styles, with limited generalization capabilities and limited applications. This work proposes a framework capable of working with multiple styles and improving content retention (BLEU) after a transfer. The proposed framework combines supervised learning of latent spaces and their separation within the architecture. The results suggest that the proposed framework improves content retention in multi-style scenarios while maintaining accuracy comparable to state-of-the-art.

Neural Style Transfer - Reducing inter-subject variability between new users and the measured source subjects, and effectively using the information of classification models trained by source subject data, is very important for human–machine interfaces. In this study, we propose a style transfer mapping (STM) and fine-tuning (FT) subject transfer framework using convolutional neural networks (CNNs). To evaluate the performance, we used two types of public surface electromyogram datasets named MyoDatasets and NinaPro database 5. Our proposed framework, STM-FT-CNN, showed the best performances in all cases compared with conventional subject transfer frameworks. In the future, we will build an online processing system that includes this subject transfer framework and verify its performance in online experiments.

Neural Style Transfer - Image style transfer is an important research content related to image processing in computer vision. Compared with traditional artificial computing methods, deep learning-based convolutional neural networks in the field of machine learning have powerful advantages. This new method has high computational efficiency and a good style transfer effect. To further improve the quality and efficiency of image style transfer, the pre-trained VGG-16 neural network model and VGG-19 neural network model are used to achieve image style transfer, and the transferred images generated by the two neural networks are compared. The research results show that the use of the VGG-16 convolutional neural network to achieve image style transfer is better and more efficient.

Neural Network Security - Trust is an essential concept in ad hoc network security. Creating and maintaining trusted relationships between nodes is a challenging task. This paper proposes a decentralized method for evaluating trust in ad hoc networks. The method uses neural networks and local information to predict the trust of neighboring nodes. The method was compared with the original centralized version, showing that even without global information knowledge, the method has, on average, 97\% accuracy in classification and 94\% in regression problem. An important contribution of this paper is overcoming the main limitation of the original method, which is the centralized evaluation of trust. Moreover, the decentralized method output is a perfect fit to use as an input to enhance routing in ad hoc networks.

Neural Network Security - Software-Defined Network (SDN) is a new networking paradigm that adopts centralized control logic and provides more control to the network operators over the network infrastructure to meet future network requirements. SDN controller known as operation system, which is responsible for running network applications and maintaining the different network services and functionalities. Despite all its great capabilities, SDN is facing different security threats due to its various architectural entities and centralized nature. Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) is a promptly growing attack and becomes a major threat for the SDN. To date, most of the studies focus on detecting high-rate DDoS attacks at the control layer of SDN and low-rate DDoS attacks are high concealed because they are difficult to detect. Furthermore, the existing methods are useful for the detection of high-rate DDoS, so need to focus on low-rate DDoS attacks separately. Hence, the use of machine learning algorithms is growing for the detection of low-rate DDoS attacks in the SDN, but they achieved low accuracy against this attack. To improve the detection accuracy, this paper first describes the attack s mechanism and then proposes a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) based method. The extracted features from the flow rules are used by the RNN for the detection of low-rate attacks. The experimental results show that the proposed method intelligently detects the attack, and its detection accuracy reaches 98.59\%. The proposed method achieves good detection accuracy as compared to existing studies.

Neural Network Security - Aiming at the network security problem caused by the rapid development of network, this paper uses a network traffic anomaly detection method of industrial control system based on convolutional neural network. In the traditional machine learning algorithm, the processing of features has a high impact on the performance of the model, and the model is highly dependent on features. This method uses the characteristics of convolutional neural network to autonomously learn features, which avoids this problem. In order to verify the superiority of the model, this paper takes accuracy as the evaluation index, and compares it with the traditional machine learning algorithm. The results show that the overall accuracy of the method is 99.88 \%, which has higher accuracy than traditional machine learning algorithms such as decision tree algorithm (ID3), adaptive boosting tree (Adboost) and naive Bayesian model. Therefore, this method can be better applied to the anomaly detection of network traffic in industrial control system, and has practical application value.

Neural Network Security - With the development of computer and network technology, industrial control systems are connecting with the Internet and other public networks in various ways, viruses, trojans and other threats are spreading to industrial control systems, industrial control system information security issues are becoming increasingly prominent. Under this background, it is necessary to construct the network security evaluation model of industrial control system based on the safety evaluation criteria and methods, and complete the safety evaluation of the industrial control system network according to the design scheme. Based on back propagation (BP) neural network’s evaluation of the network security status of industrial control system, this paper determines the number of neurons in BP neural network input layer, hidden layer and output layer by analyzing the actual demand, empirical equation calculation and experimental comparison, and designs the network security evaluation index system of industrial control system according to factors affecting industrial control safety, and constructs a safety rating table. Finally, by comparing the performance of BP neural network and multilinear regression to the evaluation of the network security status of industrial control system through experimental simulation, it can be found that BP neural network has higher accuracy for the evaluation of network security status of industrial control system.

Neural Network Security - With the continuous development of network technology and the continuous expansion of network scale, the security of the network has suffered more threats, and the attacks faced are becoming more and more extensive. The frequent occurrence of network security incidents has caused huge losses, facing more and more severe situation, it is necessary to adopt various network security technologies to solve the problem. In network security, the most commonly used technology is firewall. The firewall has a certain blocking effect on attacks from outside the network, but it has a weak defense effect on the attacks in the internal network, and it is easy to be bypassed. Intrusion detection technology can detect both internal and external network attacks. Responses are generated before the intrusion behavior occurs, and alarm information is issued for timely and effective processing. In recent years, China s campus security incidents are still happening, seriously threatening the lives of students and disrupting the normal teaching order of schools. At present, there are still many loopholes in campus security operations. Campus security management system has become an important task in campus security construction. On this basis, relevant personnel are required to analyze the existing problems of campus safety and the needs of the safety management system, and find the main technology of a more advanced intelligent safety management system.

Neural Network Security - With the rapid development of computer networks and information technology today, people are more inclined to use network systems to achieve various data exchanges. Alibaba, Tencent and other companies virtual payment has become the mainstream payment method. Due to the globalization and openness of the network, anyone can freely enter and exit, which brings huge hidden dangers to NS(network security). NS has become an important issue that we have to face. Once important information is stolen, it is likely to cause very large losses to individuals and even the society. This article mainly studies the computer NS encryption technology of neural network. First of all, the current situation of computer NS is comprehensively reflected from the two aspects of domestic Internet users and NS penetration rate in recent years. By 2020, the number of Chinese residents using the Internet has reached 1.034 billion, and 77.3\% of Internet users are generally aware of NS. Secondly, it analyzes the effect of NN(neural network) on computer NS encryption technology. The results show that the use of NN in computer encryption technology not only helps to improve security and convenience, but also prevents the secondary transmission of data and prevents related information leakage.

Neural Network Security - With the development of computing technology, data security and privacy protection have also become the focus of researchers; along with this comes the issue of network link security and reliability, and these issues have become the focus of discussion when studying network security. Intrusion detection is an effective means to assist in network malicious traffic detection and maintain network stability; to meet the ever-changing demand for network traffic identification, intrusion detection models have undergone a transformation from traditional intrusion detection models to machine learning intrusion detection models to deep intrusion detection models. The efficiency and superiority of deep learning have been proven in fields such as image processing, but there are still some problems in the field of network security intrusion detection: the models are not targeted when processing data, the models have poor generalization ability, etc. The combinatorial neural network proposed in this paper can effectively propose a solution to the problems of existing models, and the CL-IDS model proposed in this paper has a better performance on the KDDCUP99 dataset as demonstrated by relevant experiments.

Neural Network Resiliency - Over the past few years, deep neural networks (DNNs) have been used to solve a wide range of real-life problems. However, DNNs are vulnerable to adversarial attacks where carefully crafted input perturbations can mislead a well-trained DNN to produce false results. As DNNs are being deployed into security-sensitive applications such as autonomous driving, adversarial attacks may lead to catastrophic consequences.

Neural Network Resiliency - Automatic modulation classification (AMC) using the Deep Neural Network (DNN) approach outperforms the traditional classification techniques, even in the presence of challenging wireless channel environments. However, the adversarial attacks cause the loss of accuracy for the DNN-based AMC by injecting a well-designed perturbation to the wireless channels. In this paper, we propose a novel generative adversarial network (GAN)-based countermeasure approach to safeguard the DNN-based AMC systems against adversarial attack examples. GAN-based aims to eliminate the adversarial attack examples before feeding to the DNN-based classifier. Specifically, we have shown the resiliency of our proposed defense GAN against the Fast-Gradient Sign method (FGSM) algorithm as one of the most potent kinds of attack algorithms to craft the perturbed signals. The existing defense-GAN has been designed for image classification and does not work in our case where the abovementioned communication system is considered. Thus, our proposed countermeasure approach deploys GANs with a mixture of generators to overcome the mode collapsing problem in a typical GAN facing radio signal classification problem. Simulation results show the effectiveness of our proposed defense GAN so that it could enhance the accuracy of the DNN-based AMC under adversarial attacks to 81\%, approximately.

Neural Network Resiliency - With the proliferation of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) spacecraft constellations, comes the rise of space-based wireless cognitive communications systems (CCS) and the need to safeguard and protect data against potential hostiles to maintain widespread communications for enabling science, military and commercial services. For example, known adversaries are using advanced persistent threats (APT) or highly progressive intrusion mechanisms to target high priority wireless space communication systems. Specialized threats continue to evolve with the advent of machine learning and artificial intelligence, where computer systems inherently can identify system vulnerabilities expeditiously over naive human threat actors due to increased processing resources and unbiased pattern recognition. This paper presents a disruptive abuse case for an APT-attack on such a CCS and describes a trade-off analysis that was performed to evaluate a variety of machine learning techniques that could aid in the rapid detection and mitigation of an APT-attack. The trade results indicate that with the employment of neural networks, the CCS s resiliency would increase its operational functionality, and therefore, on-demand communication services reliability would increase. Further, modelling, simulation, and analysis (MS\&A) was achieved using the Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD) Cup 1999 data set as a means to validate a subset of the trade study results against Training Time and Number of Parameters selection criteria. Training and cross-validation learning curves were computed to model the learning performance over time to yield a reasonable conclusion about the application of neural networks.

Neural Network Resiliency - The globalization of the Integrated Circuit (IC) market is attracting an ever-growing number of partners, while remarkably lengthening the supply chain. Thereby, security concerns, such as those imposed by functional Reverse Engineering (RE), have become quintessential. RE leads to disclosure of confidential information to competitors, potentially enabling the theft of intellectual property. Traditional functional RE methods analyze a given gate-level netlist through employing pattern matching towards reconstructing the underlying basic blocks, and hence, reverse engineer the circuit’s function.

Network Security Resiliency - Trending towards autonomous transportation systems, modern vehicles are equipped with hundreds of sensors and actuators that increase the intelligence of the vehicles with a higher level of autonomy, as well as facilitate increased communication with entities outside the in-vehicle network.However, increase in a contact point with the outside world has exposed the controller area network (CAN) of a vehicle to remote security vulnerabilities. In particular, an attacker can inject fake high priority messages within the CAN through the contact points, while preventing legitimate messages from controlling the CAN (Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack). In this paper, we propose a Moving Target Defense (MTD) based mechanism to provide resiliency against DoS attack, where we shuffle the message priorities at different communication cycles, opposed to the state-of-the-art message priority setup, to nullify the attacker’s knowledge of message priorities for a given time. The performance and efficacy of the proposed shuffling algorithm has been analyzed under different configuration, and compared against the state-of-the-art solutions. It is observed that the proposed mechanism is successful in denying DoS attack when the attacker is able to bypass preemptive strategies and inject messages within the in-vehicle network.

Network Security Resiliency - Distributed cyber-infrastructures and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are transformative technologies that will play a pivotal role in the future of society and the scientific community. Internet of Things (IoT) applications harbor vast quantities of connected devices that collect a massive amount of sensitive information (e.g., medical, financial), which is usually analyzed either at the edge or federated cloud systems via AI/Machine Learning (ML) algorithms to make critical decisions (e.g., diagnosis). It is of paramount importance to ensure the security, privacy, and trustworthiness of data collection, analysis, and decision-making processes. However, system complexity and increased attack surfaces make these applications vulnerable to system breaches, single-point of failures, and various cyber-attacks. Moreover, the advances in quantum computing exacerbate the security and privacy challenges. That is, emerging quantum computers can break conventional cryptographic systems that offer cyber-security services, public key infrastructures, and privacy-enhancing technologies. Therefore, there is a vital need for new cyber-security paradigms that can address the resiliency, long-term security, and efficiency requirements of distributed cyber infrastructures.

Network Security Resiliency - The 5G ecosystem is designed as a highly sophisticated and modularized architecture that decouples the radio access network (RAN), the multi-access edge computing (MEC) and the mobile core to enable different and scalable deployments. It leverages modern principles of virtualized network functions, microservices-based service chaining, and cloud-native software stacks. Moreover, it provides built-in security and mechanisms for slicing. Despite all these capabilities, there remain many gaps and opportunities for additional capabilities to support end-toend secure operations for applications across many domains. Although 5G supports mechanisms for network slicing and tunneling, new algorithms and mechanisms that can adapt network slice configurations dynamically to accommodate urgent and mission-critical traffic are needed. Such slices must be secure, interference-aware, and free of side channel attacks. Resilience of the 5G ecosystem itself requires an effective means for observability and (semi-)autonomous self-healing capabilities. To address this plethora of challenges, this paper presents the SECurity and REsiliency TEchniques for Differentiated 5G OPerationS (SECRETED 5G OPS) project, which is investigating fundamental new solutions that center on the zero trust, network slicing, and network augmentation dimensions, which together will achieve secure and differentiated operations in 5G networks. SECRETED 5G OPS solutions are designed to be easily deployable, minimally invasive to the existing infrastructure, not require modifications to user equipment other than possibly firmware upgrades, economically viable, standards compliant, and compliant to regulations.

Network Security Resiliency - The 5G ecosystem is designed as a highly sophisticated and modularized architecture that decouples the radio access network (RAN), the multi-access edge computing (MEC) and the mobile core to enable different and scalable deployments. It leverages modern principles of virtualized network functions, microservices-based service chaining, and cloud-native software stacks. Moreover, it provides built-in security and mechanisms for slicing. Despite all these capabilities, there remain many gaps and opportunities for additional capabilities to support end-toend secure operations for applications across many domains. Although 5G supports mechanisms for network slicing and tunneling, new algorithms and mechanisms that can adapt network slice configurations dynamically to accommodate urgent and mission-critical traffic are needed. Such slices must be secure, interference-aware, and free of side channel attacks. Resilience of the 5G ecosystem itself requires an effective means for observability and (semi-)autonomous self-healing capabilities. To address this plethora of challenges, this paper presents the SECurity and REsiliency TEchniques for Differentiated 5G OPerationS (SECRETED 5G OPS) project, which is investigating fundamental new solutions that center on the zero trust, network slicing, and network augmentation dimensions, which together will achieve secure and differentiated operations in 5G networks. SECRETED 5G OPS solutions are designed to be easily deployable, minimally invasive to the existing infrastructure, not require modifications to user equipment other than possibly firmware upgrades, economically viable, standards compliant, and compliant to regulations.

Network Security Resiliency - The renewable energy proliferation calls upon the grid operators and planners to systematically evaluate the potential impacts of distributed energy resources (DERs). Considering the significant differences between various inverter-based resources (IBRs), especially the different capabilities between grid-forming inverters and grid-following inverters, it is crucial to develop an efficient and effective assessment procedure besides available co-simulation framework with high computation burdens. This paper presents a streamlined graph-based topology assessment for the integrated power system transmission and distribution networks. Graph analyses were performed based on the integrated graph of modified miniWECC grid model and IEEE 8500-node test feeder model, high performance computing platform with 40 nodes and total 2400 CPUs has been utilized to process this integrated graph, which has 100,000+ nodes and 10,000+ IBRs. The node ranking results not only verified the applicability of the proposed method, but also revealed the potential of distributed grid forming (GFM) and grid following (GFL) inverters interacting with the centralized power plants.

Network Security Resiliency - Software-Defined Networking (SDN) technique is presented in this paper to manage the Naval Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) network for equipping the network with the function of reconfiguration and scalability. The programmable nature of SDN enables a programmable Modular Topology Generator (MTG), which provides an extensive control over the network’s internal connectivity and traffic control. Specifically, two functions of MTG are developed and examined in this paper, namely linkHosts and linkSwitches. These functions are able to place the network into three different states, i.e., fully connected, fully disconnected, and partially connected. Therefore, it provides extensive security benefits and allows network administrators to dynamically reconfigure the network and adjust settings according to the network’s needs. Extensive tests on Mininet have demonstrated the effectiveness of SDN for enabling the reconfigurable and scalable Naval SCADA network. Therefore, it provides a potent tool to enhance the resiliency/survivability, scalability/compatibility, and security of naval SCADA networks.

Network Security Resiliency - An often overlooked but equally important aspect of unmanned aerial system (UAS) design is the security of their networking protocols and how they deal with cyberattacks. In this context, cyberattacks are malicious attempts to monitor or modify incoming and outgoing data from the system. These attacks could target anywhere in the system where a transfer of data occurs but are most common in the transfer of data between the control station and the UAS. A compromise in the networking system of a UAS could result in a variety of issues including increased network latency between the control station and the UAS, temporary loss of control over the UAS, or a complete loss of the UAS. A complete loss of the system could result in the UAS being disabled, crashing, or the attacker overtaking command and control of the platform, all of which would be done with little to no alert to the operator. Fortunately, the majority of higher-end, enterprise, and government UAS platforms are aware of these threats and take actions to mitigate them. However, as the consumer market continues to grow and prices continue to drop, network security may be overlooked or ignored in favor of producing the lowest cost product possible. Additionally, these commercial off-the-shelf UAS often use uniform, standardized frequency bands, autopilots, and security measures, meaning a cyberattack could be developed to affect a wide variety of models with minimal changes. This paper will focus on a low-cost educational-use UAS and test its resilience to a variety of cyberattack methods, including man-in-the-middle attacks, spoofing of data, and distributed denial-of-service attacks. Following this experiment will be a discussion of current cybersecurity practices for counteracting these attacks and how they can be applied onboard a UAS. Although in this case the cyberattacks were tested against a simpler platform, the methods discussed are applicable to any UAS platform attempting to defend against such cyberattack methods.

Network Security Resiliency - A reliable synchrophasor network of phasor measurement units (PMUs) is essential for modern power system operations and management with rapidly increasing levels of renewable energy sources. Cyber-physical system vulnerabilities such as side-channel based denial of service (DoS) attacks can compromise PMU communications even when using an encrypted virtual private network. To overcome these vulnerabilities, countermeasures to DoS attacks needs to be developed. One such countermeasure is the development and deployment of a virtual synchrophasor network (VSN) to improve the reliability of a synchrophasor network to DoS attacks. A cellular computational networks (CCN) is a distributed artificial intelligence framework suitable for complex system modeling and estimation. CCNs have been proved to mitigate the effects of DoS attacks on single PMUs successfully. In this study, the robustness of a VSN is further investigated and proven to exhibit resiliency under concurrent DoS attacks. Typical results for VSN applications in multi-area power systems with utility-scale photovoltaic solar plants are presented.