The technology advance and convergence of cyber physical systems, smart sensors, short-range wireless communications, cloud computing, and smartphone apps have driven the proliferation of Internet of things (IoT) devices in smart homes and smart industry. In light of the high heterogeneity of IoT system, the prevalence of system vulnerabilities in IoT devices and applications, and the broad attack surface across the entire IoT protocol stack, a fundamental and urgent research problem of IoT security is how to effectively collect, analyze, extract, model, and visualize the massive network traffic of IoT devices for understanding what is happening to IoT devices. Towards this end, this paper develops and demonstrates an end-to-end system with three key components, i.e., the IoT network traffic monitoring system via programmable home routers, the backend IoT traffic behavior analysis system in the cloud, and the frontend IoT visualization system via smartphone apps, for monitoring, analyzing and virtualizing network traffic behavior of heterogeneous IoT devices in smart homes. The main contributions of this demonstration paper is to present a novel system with an end-to-end process of collecting, analyzing and visualizing IoT network traffic in smart homes.

Sometimes we have the need to inject new services in an operational satellite, but as the injection of new codes in equipment that has communication link is a critical process due to the possibility of injection of broke or malicious codes, this document proposes a protocol for the safe injection of code in satellite microcontrollers of the CubeSat’ type. This protocol is based on the use of HMAC with SHA-3 to guarantee integrity and authenticity and is enhanced by the same security measures to mitigate communication link problems and satellite attacks, such as the guarantee of delivery and displacement between communication windows and periods of high processing.

The increasing number of vehicles registered demands for safe and secure carparks due to increase in vehicle theft. The current Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) systems is a single authentication system and hence it is not secure. Therefore, this research has developed a double authentication system by combing ANPR with a Quick Response (QR) code system to create ANPR-DAS that improves the security at a carpark. It has yielded an accuracy of up to 93% and prevents car theft at a car park.

In this paper, the malicious code is run in the sandbox in a safe and controllable environment, the API sequence is deduplicated by the idea of the longest common subsequence, and the CNN and Bi-LSTM are integrated to process and analyze the API sequence. Compared with the method, the method using deep learning can have higher accuracy and work efficiency.

Internet speeds and technological advancements have made individuals increasingly concerned about their personal information being compromised by criminals. There have been a slew of new steganography and data concealment methods suggested in recent years. Steganography is the art of hiding information in plain sight (text, audio, image and video). Unauthorized users now have access to steganographic analysis software, which may be used to retrieve the carrier files valuable secret information. Unfortunately, because to their inefficiency and lack of security, certain steganography techniques are readily detectable by steganalytical detectors. We present a video steganography technique based on the linear block coding concept that is safe and secure. Data is protected using a binary graphic logo but also nine uncompressed video sequences as cover data and a secret message. It's possible to enhance the security by rearranging pixels randomly in both the cover movies and the hidden message. Once the secret message has been encoded using the Hamming algorithm (7, 4) before being embedded, the message is even more secure. The XOR function will be used to add the encoded message's result to a random set of values. Once the message has been sufficiently secured, it may be inserted into the video frames of the cover. In addition, each frame's embedding region is chosen at random so that the steganography scheme's resilience can be improved. In addition, our experiments have shown that the approach has a high embedding efficiency. The video quality of stego movies is quite close to the original, with a PSNR (Pick Signal to Noise Ratio) over 51 dB. Embedding a payload of up to 90 Kbits per frame is also permissible, as long as the quality of the stego video is not noticeably degraded.

Proving secure compilation of partial programs typically requires back-translating an attack against the compiled program to an attack against the source program. To prove back-translation, one can syntactically translate the target attacker to a source one-i.e., syntax-directed back-translation-or show that the interaction traces of the target attacker can also be emitted by source attackers—i.e., trace-directed back-translation. Syntax-directed back-translation is not suitable when the target attacker may use unstructured control flow that the source language cannot directly represent. Trace-directed back-translation works with such syntactic dissimilarity because only the external interactions of the target attacker have to be mimicked in the source, not its internal control flow. Revealing only external interactions is, however, inconvenient when sharing memory via unforgeable pointers, since information about shared pointers stashed in private memory is not present on the trace. This made prior proofs unnecessarily complex, since the generated attacker had to instead stash all reachable pointers. In this work, we introduce more informative data-flow traces, combining the best of syntax- and trace-directed back-translation in a simpler technique that handles both syntactic dissimilarity and memory sharing well, and that is proved correct in Coq. Additionally, we develop a novel turn-taking simulation relation and use it to prove a recomposition lemma, which is key to reusing compiler correctness in such secure compilation proofs. We are the first to mechanize such a recomposition lemma in the presence of memory sharing. We use these two innovations in a secure compilation proof for a code generation compiler pass between a source language with structured control flow and a target language with unstructured control flow, both with safe pointers and components.

Nowadays, online cloud storage networks can be accessed by third parties. Businesses that host large data centers buy or rent storage space from individuals who need to store their data. According to customer needs, data hub operators visualise the data and expose the cloud storage for storing data. Tangibly, the resources may wander around numerous servers. Data resilience is a prior need for all storage methods. For routines in a distributed data center, distributed removable code is appropriate. A safe cloud cache solution, AES-UCODR, is proposed to decrease I/O overheads for multi-block updates in proxy re-encryption systems. Its competence is evaluated using the real-world finance sector.

With the development of Industrial Internet identification analysis, various encryption methods have been widely used in identification analysis to ensure the security of identification encoding and data. However, the past encryption methods failed to consider the problem of encryption efficiency in the case of high concurrency, so it will reduce the identification resolution efficiency and increase the computational pressure of secondary nodes when applying these methods to the identification analysis. In this paper, in order to improve the efficiency of identification analysis under the premise of ensuring information security, a safe and efficient analytical encryption method for industrial Internet identification based on Secure Hash Algorithm 256 (SHA-256), and Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) is presented. Firstly, by replacing the secret key in the identification encoding encryption with the SHA-256 function, the number of secret keys is reduced, which is beneficial to improve the efficiency of identification analysis. Secondly, by replacing the large prime number of the RSA encryption algorithm with multiple small prime numbers, the generation speed of RSA key pair is improved, which is conducive to reduce the computation of secondary nodes. Finally, by assigning a unique RSA private key to the identification code during the identification registration phase, SHA-256 and RSA are associated, the number of key exchanges is reduced during the encryption process, which is conducive to improve the security of encryption. The experiment verifies that the proposed method can improve security of encryption and efficiency of identification analysis, by comparing the complexity of ciphertext cracking and the identification security analysis time between the traditional encryption method and this method.

Mobile small cells that are enabled with Network Coding (NC) are seen as a potentially useful technique for Fifth Generation (5G) networks, since they can cover an entire city and can be put up on demand anywhere, any time, and on any device. Despite numerous advantages, significant security issues arise as a result of the fact that the NC-enabled mobile small cells are vulnerable to attacks. Intrusions are a severe security threat that exploits the inherent vulnerabilities of NC. In order to make NC-enabled mobile small cells to realize their full potential, it is essential to implement intrusion detection systems. When compared to homomorphic signature or hashing systems, homomorphic message authentication codes (MACs) provide safe network coding techniques with relatively smaller overheads. A number of research studies have been conducted with the goal of developing mobile small cells that are enabled with secure network coding and coming up with integrity protocols that are appropriate for such crowded situations. However, the intermediate nodes alter packets while they are in transit and hence the integrity of the data cannot be confirmed by using MACs and checksums. This research study has analyzed numerous intrusion detection models for NC enabled small cells. This research helps the scholars to get a brief idea about various intrusion detection models.

This study purpose was to examine the determinant factors that affect the Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprise (MSME) merchants who had the intention to use Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard (QRIS) as a payment system. QRIS was expected to be applied by merchants to diminish the virus spread and keep the circulation of money safe; but there were not many merchants using the QRIS as a payment method. The factors MSME merchant might not use the QRIS were related to perceived usefulness, perceived security, perceived ease of use, and trust. The population was MSMEs in South Tangerang City who did not use QRIS yet and the population was unknown. Using the Lemeshow formula, obtained a sample of 115 people, and the sampling technique used purposive sampling. Then data were analyzed using multi-regression analysis and processed by SPSS. The results indicated that perceived usefulness and perceived security had a significant affect on trust, whereas trust and ease of use significant affect the intention to use QRIS. Moreover, trust was able to mediate the perceived usefulness to intention to use. Since ease of use had no significant affect on trust, then the mediation given by trust to perceived ease of use had no significant affect on intention to use.

Multi robot systems are defined as a collection of two or more robots that are capable of working autonomously while coordinating with each other. Three challenges emerge while designing any multi robot system. The robots have to coordinate their path planning or trajectory planning in order to avoid collision during the course of navigation, while collaborating tasks with other robots to achieve a specific end goal for the system. The other challenge, which is the focus of this paper, is the security of the entire multi robot system. Since robots have to coordinate with each other, any one of them being malicious due to any kind of security threat, can lead to a chain reaction that may compromise the entire system. Such security threats can be fatal if not dealt with immediately. This paper proposes the use of a Hybridized Blockchain Model (HBM) to identify such security threats and take necessary actions in real time so that the system does not encounter any catastrophic failure. The proposed security architecture uses ROS (Robot operating system) to decentralize the information collected by robot clients and HBM to monitor the clients and take necessary real time actions.

The Robotic Operating System (ROS) is a popular framework for robotics research and development. It's a system that provides hardware abstraction with low-level device management to handle communications and services. ROS is a distributed system, which allows various nodes in a network to communicate using a method such as message passing. When integrating systems using ROS, it is vital to consider the security and privacy of the data and information shared across ROS nodes, which is considered to be one of the most challenging aspects of ROS systems. The goal of this study is to examine the ROS architecture, primary components, and versions, as well as the types of vulnerabilities that might compromise the system. In order to achieve the CIA's three fundamental security criteria on a ROS-based platform, we categorized these vulnerabilities and looked into various security solutions proposed by researchers. We provide a comparative analysis of the ROS-related security solutions, the security threats and issues they addressed, the targeted architecture of the protection or defense system, the solution's evaluation methodology and the evaluation metric, and the limitations that might be viewed as unresolved issues for the future course of action. Finally, we look into future possibilities and open challenges to assist researchers to develop more secure and efficient ROS systems.

AbuSaif is a human-like social robot designed and built at the UAE University's Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Lab. AbuSaif was initially operated by a classical personal computer (PC), like most of the existing social robots. Thus, most of the robot's functionalities are limited to the capacity of that mounted PC. To overcome this, in this study, we propose a web-based platform that shall take the benefits of clustering in cloud computing. Our proposed platform will increase the operational capability and functionality of AbuSaif, especially those needed to operate artificial intelligence algorithms. We believe that the robot will become more intelligent and autonomous using our proposed web platform.

Robot Operating System 2 (ROS2) is the latest release of a framework for enabling robot applications. Data Distribution Service (DDS) middleware is used for communication between nodes in a ROS2 cluster. The DDS middleware provides a distributed discovery system, message definitions and serialization, and security. In ROS2, the DDS middleware is accessed through an abstraction layer, making it easy to switch from one implementation to another. The existing middleware implementations differ in a number of ways, e.g., in how they are supported in ROS2, in their support for the security features, their ease of use, their performance, and their interoperability. In this work, the focus is on the ease of use, interoperability, and security features aspects of ROS2 DDS middleware. We compare the ease of installation and ease of use of three different DDS middleware, and test the interoperability of different middleware combinations in simple deployment scenarios. We highlight the difference that enabling the security option makes to interoperability, and conduct performance experiments that show the effect that turning on security has on the communication performance. Our results provide guidelines for choosing and deploying DDS middleware on a ROS2 cluster.

Systems for relative localization in multi-robot systems based on ultra-wideband (UWB) ranging have recently emerged as robust solutions for GNSS-denied environments. Scalability remains one of the key challenges, particularly in adhoc deployments. Recent solutions include dynamic allocation of active and passive localization modes for different robots or nodes in the system. with larger-scale systems becoming more distributed, key research questions arise in the areas of security and trustability of such localization systems. This paper studies the potential integration of collaborative-decision making processes with distributed ledger technologies. Specifically, we investigate the design and implementation of a methodology for running an UWB role allocation algorithm within smart contracts in a blockchain. In previous works, we have separately studied the integration of ROS2 with the Hyperledger Fabric blockchain, and introduced a new algorithm for scalable UWB-based localization. In this paper, we extend these works by (i) running experiments with larger number of mobile robots switching between different spatial configurations and (ii) integrating the dynamic UWB role allocation algorithm into Fabric smart contracts for distributed decision-making in a system of multiple mobile robots. This enables us to deliver the same functionality within a secure and trustable process, with enhanced identity and data access management. Our results show the effectiveness of the UWB role allocation for continuously varying spatial formations of six autonomous mobile robots, while demonstrating a low impact on latency and computational resources of adding the blockchain layer that does not affect the localization process.

Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is a rapidly growing branch of IoT (Internet of Things), which requires special treatment to cyber security due to confidentiality of healthcare data and patient health threat. Healthcare data and automated medical devices might become vulnerable targets of malicious cyber-attacks. While a large number of robotic applications, including medical and healthcare, employ robot operating system (ROS) as their backbone, not enough attention is paid for ROS security. The paper discusses a security of ROS-based swing doors automation in the context of a robotic hospital framework, which should be protected from cyber-attacks.

ROS 2 is rapidly becoming a standard in the robotics industry. Built upon DDS as its default communication middleware and used in safety-critical scenarios, adding secu-rity to robots and ROS computational graphs is increasingly becoming a concern. The present work introduces SROS2, a series of developer tools and libraries that facilitate adding security to ROS 2 graphs. Focusing on a usability-centric approach in SROS2, we present a methodology for securing graphs systematically while following the DevSecOps model. We also demonstrate the use of our security tools by presenting an application case study that considers securing a graph using the popular Navigation2 and SLAM Toolbox stacks applied in a TurtieBot3 robot. We analyse the current capabilities of SROS2 and discuss the shortcomings, which provides insights for future contributions and extensions. Ultimately, we present SROS2 as usable security tools for ROS 2 and argue that without usability, security in robotics will be greatly impaired.

Using multi-UAV systems to accomplish both civil and military missions is becoming a popular trend. With the development of software and hardware technologies, Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are now able to operate autonomously at edge. However, the remote control of manned systems, e.g., ground control station (GCS), remains essential to mission success, and the system's control and non-payload communication (CNPC) are facing severe cyber threats caused by smart attacks. To avoid hijacking, in this paper, we propose a secure mechanism that reduces such security risks for multi-UAV systems. We introduce friendly jamming from UAVs to block eavesdropping on the remote control channel. The trade-off between security and energy consumption is optimized by three approaches designed for UAV and GCS under algorithms of different complexities. Numerical results show the approach efficiency under different mission conditions and security demands, and demonstrate the features of the proposed mechanism for various scenarios.

This paper describes a cybersecurity model for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition system (SCADA) using techniques similar to those used in reliability systems modelling. Previously, cybersecurity events were considered a part of the reliability events of a cyber physical system [1] [2]. Our approach identifies and treats such events separately as unique class of events by itself. Our analyses shows that the hierarchical model described below has the potential for quantifying the cybersecurity posture of a SCADA system, which goes beyond the usual pass/fail metrics that are currently in use [3]. A range of Mean Time to Security Failure (MTTSF) values as shown in the sensitivity studies below can capture both peacetime and wartime cyber risk assessment of the system. While the Attack and Countermeasure Tree (ACT) constructed below could be taken as somewhat simplistic, more detailed security events can be readily introduced to the ACT tree to reflect a better depiction of a cyberattack. For example, the Common Processing Systems (CPS) systems themselves can be further resolved into constituent components that are vulnerable to cyberattacks. Separate models can also be developed for each of the individual failure events, i.e. confidentiality, integrity, and availability, instead of combining them into one failure event as done below. The methodology for computing the MTTSF metric can be extended to other similar cybersecurity metrics, such as those formulated by the Center for Internet Security (CIS) [3], e.g. mean time to restore to operational status, etc. Additional improvements to the model can be obtained with the incorporation of the repair and restore portion of the semi-Markov chain in Figure 3, which will likely require the use of more advance modeling packages.

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems are used to control and monitor components within the energy grid, playing a significant role in the stability of the system. As a part of critical infrastructures, components in these systems have to fulfill a variety of different requirements regarding their dependability and must also undergo strict audit procedures in order to comply with all relevant standards. This results in a slow adoption of new functionalities. Due to the emerged threat of cyberattacks against critical infrastructures, extensive security measures are needed within these systems to protect them from adversaries and ensure a stable operation. In this work, a solution is proposed to integrate extensive security measures into current systems. By deploying additional security-gateways into the communication path between two nodes, security features can be integrated transparently for the existing components. The developed security-gateway is compliant to all regulatory requirements and features an internal architecture based on the separation-of-concerns principle to increase its security and longevity. The viability of the proposed solution has been verified in different scenarios, consisting of realistic field tests, security penetration tests and various performance evaluations.

SCADA systems are one of the critical infrastructures and face many security threats. Attackers can control SCADA systems through network attacks, destroying the normal operation of the power system. It is important to conduct a risk assessment of security threats on SCADA systems. However, existing models for risk assessment using attack trees mainly focus on describing possible intrusions rather than the interaction between threats and defenses. In this paper, we comprehensively consider intrusion likelihood and defense capability and propose a quantitative risk assessment model of security threats based on attack countermeasure tree (ACT). Each leaf node in ACT contains two attributes: exploitable vulnerabilities and defense countermeasures. An attack scenario can be constructed by means of traversing the leaf nodes. We set up six indicators to evaluate the impact of security threats in attack scenarios according to NISTIR 7628 standard. Experimental results show the attack probability of security threats and high-risk attack scenarios in SCADA systems. We can improve defense countermeasures to protect against security threats corresponding to high-risk scenarios. In addition, the model can continually update risk assessments based on the implementation of the system’s defensive countermeasures.

The world’s most important industrial economy is particularly vulnerable to both external and internal threats, such as the one uncovered in Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and Industrial Control Systems (ICS). Upon those systems, the success criteria for security are quite dynamic. Security flaws in these automated SCADA systems have already been discovered by infiltrating the entire network in addition to reducing production line hazards. The objective of our review article is to show various potential future research voids that recent studies have, as well as how many methods are available to concentrate on specific aspects of risk assessment of manufactured systems. The state-of-the-art methods in cyber security risk assessment of SCADA systems are reviewed and compared in this research. Multiple contemporary risk assessment approaches developed for or deployed in the settings of a SCADA system are considered and examined in detail. We outline the approaches’ main points before analyzing them in terms of risk assessment, conventional analytical procedures, and research challenges. The paper also examines possible risk regions or locations where breaches in such automated SCADA systems can emerge, as well as solutions as to how to safeguard and eliminate the hazards when they arise during production manufacturing.

The aim of this paper is to examine noteworthy cyberattacks that have taken place against ICS and SCADA systems and to analyse them. This paper also proposes a new classification scheme based on the severity of the attack. Since the information revolution, computers and associated technologies have impacted almost all aspects of daily life, and this is especially true of the industrial sector where one of the leading trends is that of automation. This widespread proliferation of computers and computer networks has also made it easier for malicious actors to gain access to these systems and networks and carry out harmful activities.

The SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) has become ubiquitous in industrial control systems. However, it may be exposed to cyber attack threats when it accesses the Internet. We propose a three-layer IDS (Intrusion Detection System) model, which integrates three main functions: access control, flow detection and password authentication. We use the reliability test system IEEE RTS-79 to evaluate the reliability. The experimental results provide insights into the establishment of the power SCADA system reliability enhancement strategies.

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) technique is presented in this paper to manage the Naval Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) network for equipping the network with the function of reconfiguration and scalability. The programmable nature of SDN enables a programmable Modular Topology Generator (MTG), which provides an extensive control over the network’s internal connectivity and traffic control. Specifically, two functions of MTG are developed and examined in this paper, namely linkHosts and linkSwitches. These functions are able to place the network into three different states, i.e., fully connected, fully disconnected, and partially connected. Therefore, it provides extensive security benefits and allows network administrators to dynamically reconfigure the network and adjust settings according to the network’s needs. Extensive tests on Mininet have demonstrated the effectiveness of SDN for enabling the reconfigurable and scalable Naval SCADA network. Therefore, it provides a potent tool to enhance the resiliency/survivability, scalability/compatibility, and security of naval SCADA networks.