The practical Internet of Things at the current stage still persists in handling an energy minimized network. For a proper network communication an energy consumption of 80\% is indulged only on the communication setup. 6LoWSD (6LoWPAN Software Defined) is an SDN based IoT network protocol developed to minimized the IoT constraints. The SDN’s feature of decoupling the controller plane from the data plane enhances the network efficiency. These target conducts towards data rate, traffic, throughput and duty cycling management. Besides these it also provides a sense of flexibility towards program-ability for the current IoT networks. Efficient power system is a highly Important domain which needed for handling the stability for the whole SDN-IoT system. An effort towards enveloping state transition schedulers for energy optimization has been experimented in this paper.

The Routing Protocol for Low power and Lossy networks (RPL) has been developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standardization body to serve as a part of the 6LoWPAN (IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks) standard, a core communication technology for the Internet of Things (IoT) networks. RPL organizes its network in the form of a tree-like structure where a node is configured as the root of the tree while others integrate themselves into that structure based on their relative distance. A value called the Rank is used to define each node’s relative position and it is used by other nodes to take their routing decisions. A malicious node can illegitimately claim a closer position to the root by advertising a lower rank value trapping other nodes to forward their traffic through that malicious node. In this study, we show how this behavior can have a detrimental side effect on the network via extensive simulations and propose a new secure objective function to prevent such an attack.

IoT will be capable to openly provide entry to selected data groups to enable the building of diverse digitized programs while also clearly and fluidly integrating a large range of different and unsuitable end devices. It is a highly challenging task to develop a common design for IoT due to the large variety of devices, connection layer technologies, and applications that could be incorporated in such a system. Urban Iot applications, while still a sizable segment, are the focus of this investigation. The target application domain of these algorithms sets them apart. Urban IoTs are actually created to support the idea of the "Urban Development," which aims to use the most modern networking technology to allow additional offerings for both the municipal government and the citizens. Thus, this article provides a full survey of technology options, rules and regulations, and building design for simply an urban IoT. This Padova initiative, that serves as a convincing example of an IoT offshore rollout conducted out in cooperation with the municipal administration inside the Italian province of Padova, will be covered in detail along with the methodological techniques and finest standards employed there.

Autonomous and Supported Lifestyle (AAL) has been highlighted as a requirement in today s environment in a number of theories, techniques, and different uses for the Internet of Things. (IoT). Technologies standardization initiatives like Wireless V4.x (Wireless smart), for example, have sparked a meteoric rise in creative relatively brief wireless devices that can provide a variety of services to AAL. Additionally, new potential for major carrier is created by enabling equipment (Sq.m) connectivity between all of these technologies. To support M2M exchanges, telecommunications companies, especially telecom companies, might have to build new infrastructure and rethink their corporate objectives. Simple Square meters or IoT products often need another suitable tool, like a telephone, to serve as a doorway to the World wide web in order to function to their fullest capacity. The unique Concept of Iot examined in this study enables any nearby Innertubes device to serve as an M2M entry point for Internet of things. As a result, the user of a Sensor node no longer has to own a smartphone or other Innertubes equipment in order to access capabilities like internet - based. In this research, an unique IoT architectural prototype system for short-range signal repeaters is described. The test bed s installation, benefits and drawbacks, and sampling analysis using data acquired from a real-world event are discussed, and the findings are positive.

In this research, a power consumption analysis of wireless devices for Internet of Things applications is described. The research analyzes and contrasts a variety of tiny wireless communication techniques and their modules, including ZigBee, Energy Saver Wi-Fi, Six-Low-PAN, and LPWA, all of which aim to conserve energy and lengthen the lifespan of the devices that make up an IoT network. This focuses on the significance of employing small wireless techniques and components in IoT applications. The study s methodology is defined by the individual module used to implement the protocol. According to the degree of communication between sensor nodes, the proposed protocols are categorized. ZigBee, 6LoWPAN, and low power Wi-Fi are the candidate protocols for connectivity over short distances. The LoRaWAN protocol is a possibility for long-distance connectivity. Given the wide variation in power consumption between modules and protocols, the results of this study demonstrate how carefully selecting units for every protocol can greatly affect the duration of its use. Accordingly, protocols are compared with one another in various ways based on the module in question.

Proposed system, pollution monitoring, the automobile industry, and sports are just a few of the application areas that have grown as a result of ubiquitous sensing and the distinctive features (Sensor systems). As the underlying significantly expanded the number of linked things with realtime communication and data computation, WSNs have grown in importance in recent years. However, owing to the scale and accessibility of IoT, building a complex challenge, and past methodologies established for Iot technologies cannot be implemented directly. In this paper, pairwise clusters models for Iot networks in the Iot paradigm are proposed: I a resource grouping model and (ii) a business clusters model where responsibilities are allocated to individual sensor nodes depending on how well they provide services. The end-to-end latency, and communication bandwidth balancing.

The resource-constrained IPV6-based low power and lossy network (6LowPAN) is connected through the routing protocol for low power and lossy networks (RPL). This protocol is subject to a routing protocol attack called a rank attack (RA). This paper presents a performance evaluation where leveraging model-free reinforcement-learning (RL) algorithms helps the software-defined network (SDN) controller achieve a cost-efficient solution to prevent the harmful effects of RA. Experimental results demonstrate that the state action reward state action (SARSA) algorithm is more effective than the Q-learning (QL) algorithm, facilitating the implementation of intrusion prevention systems (IPSs) in software-defined 6LowPANs.

Scientific and technological advancements, particularly in IoT, have greatly enhanced the quality of life in society. Nevertheless, resource constrained IoT devices are now connected to the Internet through IPv6 and 6LoWPAN networks, which are often unreliable and untrusted. Securing these devices with robust security measures poses a significant challenge. Despite implementing encryption and authentication, these devices remain vulnerable to wireless attacks from within the 6LoWPAN network and from the Internet. Researchers have developed various methods to prevent attacks on the RPL protocol within the 6LoWPAN network. However, each method can only detect a limited number of attack types, and there are still several drawbacks that require improvement. This study aims to implement several attack prevention methods, such as Lightweight Heartbeat Protocol, SVELTE, and Contiki IDS. The study will provide an overview of these methods theories and simulate them on Contiki OS using Cooja software to assess their performance. The study s results demonstrate a correlation between the simulated data and the proposed theories. Furthermore, the study identifies and evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of these methods, highlighting areas that can be improved upon.

IoT technology establishes a platform for automating services by connecting diverse objects through the Internet backbone. However, the integration of IoT networks also introduces security challenges, rendering IoT infrastructure susceptible to cyber-attacks. Notably, Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks breach the authorization conditions and these attacks have the potential to disrupt the physical functioning of the IoT infrastructure, leading to significant financial losses and even endangering human lives. Yet, maintaining availability even when networking elements malfunction has not received much attention. This research paper introduces a novel Twin eye Architecture, which includes dual gateway connecting every IoT access network to provide reliability even with the failure or inaccessibility of connected gateway. It includes the module called DDoS Manager that is molded into the gateway to recognize the dangling of the gateway. The effectiveness of the proposed model is evaluated using dataset simulated in NS3 environment. The results highlight the outstanding performance of the proposed model, achieving high accuracy rates. These findings demonstrate the proposed network architecture continues to provide critical authentication services even upon the failure of assigned gateway.

The growing Internet of Things (IoT) has led to an increasing number of interconnected devices across diverse locations. To enable efficient data transmission in resourceconstrained IoT networks, selecting the right communication protocols is crucial. This study compares the performance of 6LoWPAN-CoAP and RPL-CoAP in LoRaWAN networks under limited settings, focusing on Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and latency. Tests with simulated LoRaWAN settings were conducted at various scales to evaluate both protocols’ scalability and dependability. The findings demonstrate that RPL-CoAP outperforms 6LoWPAN-CoAP in constrained LoRaWAN scenarios, consistently showing higher PDR and reduced latency. The RPL routing algorithm’s inherent characteristics contribute to this improved performance, effectively constructing routes while considering energy usage and link quality. Additionally, the study highlights LoRaWAN networks’ inherent PDR benefits over conventional networks, making the RPL-CoAP and LoRaWAN combination a powerful option for IoT applications in limited settings. These insights can guide the design of reliable and effective IoT applications in resource-limited environments, maximizing the IoT ecosystem’s potential.

This work analyzed the coding gain that is provided in 6LoWPAN transceivers when channel-coding methods are used. There were made improvements at physical layer of 6LoWPAN technology in the system suggested. Performance analysis was performed using turbo, LDPC and convolutional codes on IEEE 802.15.4 standard that is used in the relevant physical layer. Code rate of convolutional and turbo codes are set to 1/3 and 1/4. For LDPC codes, the code rate is set as 3/4 and 5/6. According to simulation results obtained from the MATLAB environment, turbo codes give better results than LDPC and convolutional codes. It is seen that an average of 3 dB to 8 dB gain is achieved in turbo codes, in LDPC and convolutional coding, it is observed that the gain is between 2 dB and 6 dB depending on the modulation type and code rate.

The Internet of Things (IoT) continuously grows as applications require connectivity and sensor networks are being deployed in multiple application domains. With the increased applicability demand, the need for testing and development frameworks also increases. This paper presents a novel simulation framework for testing IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Networks (6LoWPAN) networks using the Mininet-WiFi simulator. The goal of the simulation framework is to allow easier automation testing of large-scale networks and to also allow easy configuration. This framework is a starting point for many development scenarios targeting traffic management, Quality of Service (QoS) or security network features. A basic smart city simulation is presented which demonstrates the working principles of the framework.

With the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT), a large amount of data is exchanged between various communicating devices. Since the data should be communicated securely between the communicating devices, the network security is one of the dominant research areas for the 6LoWPAN IoT applications. Meanwhile, 6LoWPAN devices are vulnerable to attacks inherited from both the wireless sensor networks and the Internet protocols. Thus intrusion detection systems have become more and more critical and play a noteworthy role in improving the 6LoWPAN IoT networks. However, most intrusion detection systems focus on the attacked areas in the IoT networks instead of precisely on certain IoT nodes. This may lead more resources to further detect the compromised nodes or waste resources when detaching the whole attacked area. In this paper, we therefore proposed a new precisional detection strategy for 6LoWPAN Networks, named as PDS-6LoWPAN. In order to validate the strategy, we evaluate the performance and applicability of our solution with a thorough simulation by taking into account the detection accuracy and the detection response time.

Consensus is a basic building block in distributed systems for a myriad of related problems that involve agreement. For asynchronous networks, consensus has been proven impossible, and is well known as Augean task. Failure Detectors (FDs) have since emerged as a possible remedy, able to solve consensus in asynchronous systems under certain assumptions. With the increasing use of asynchronous, wireless Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, such as IEEE 802.15.4/6LoWPAN, the demand of applications that require some form of reliability and agreement is on the rise. What was missing so far is an FD that can operate under the tight constraints offered by Low Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) without compromising the efficiency of the network. We present 6LoFD, an FD specifically aimed at energy and memory efficient operation in small scale, unreliable networks, and evaluate its working principles by using an ns-3 implementation of 6LoFD.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a novel paradigm that enables the development of a slew of Services for the future of technology advancements. When it comes to IoT applications, the cyber and physical worlds can be seamlessly integrated, but they are essentially limitless. However, despite the great efforts of standardization bodies, coalitions, companies, researchers, and others, there are still a slew of issues to overcome in order to fully realize the IoT's promise. These concerns should be examined from a variety of perspectives, including enabling technology, applications, business models, and social and environmental consequences. The focus of this paper is on open concerns and challenges from a technological standpoint. We will study the differences in technical such Sigfox, NB-IoT, LoRa, and 6LowPAN, and discuss their advantages and disadvantage for each technology compared with other technologies. Demonstrate that each technology has a position in the internet of things market. Each technology has different advantages and disadvantages it depends on the quality of services, latency, and battery life as a mention. The first will be analysis IoT technologies. SigFox technology offers a long-range, low-power, low-throughput communications network that is remarkably resistant to environmental interference, enabling information to be used efficiently in a wide variety of applications. We analyze how NB-IoT technology will benefit higher-value-added services markets for IoT devices that are willing to pay for exceptionally low latency and high service quality. The LoRa technology will be used as a low-cost device, as it has a very long-range (high coverage).

As a large number of sensor nodes as well as limited resources such as energy, memory, computing power, as well as bandwidth. Lossy linkages connect these nodes together. In early 2008,IETF working group looked into using current routing protocols for LLNs. Routing Over minimum power and Lossy networksROLL standardizes an IPv6 routing solution for LLNs because of the importance of LLNs in IoT.IPv6 Routing Protocol is based on the 6LoWPAN standard. RPL has matured significantly. The research community is becoming increasingly interested in it. The topology of RPL can be built in a variety of ways. It creates a topology in advance. Due to the lack of a complete review of RPL, in this paper a mobility management framework has been proposed along with experimental evaluation by applying parameters likePacket Delivery Ratio, throughput, end to end delay, consumed energy on the basis of the various parameters and its analysis done accurately. Finally, this paper can help academics better understand the RPL and engage in future research projects to improve it.

The “Internet of Things (IoT)” is a term that describes physical sensors, processing software, power and other technologies to connect or interchange information between systems and devices through the Internet and other forms of communication. RPL protocol can efficiently establish network routes, communicate routing information, and adjust the topology. The 6LoWPAN concept was born out of the belief that IP should protect even the tiniest devices, and for low-power devices, minimal computational capabilities should be permitted to join IoT. The DIS-Flooding against RPL-based IoT with its mitigation techniques are discussed in this paper.

Due to the widespread use of the Internet of Things (IoT) in recent years, the need for IoT technologies to handle communications with the rest of the globe has grown dramatically. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) play a vital role in the operation of the IoT. The creation of Internet of Things operating systems (OS), which can handle the newly constructed IoT hardware, as well as new protocols and procedures for all communication levels, all of which are now in development, will pave the way for the future. When compared to other devices, these gadgets require a comparatively little amount of electricity, memory, and other resources. This has caused the scientific community to become more aware of the relevance of IoT device operating systems as a result of their findings. These devices may be made more versatile and powerful by including an operating system that contains real-time capabilities, kernel, networking, and other features, among other things. IEEE 802.15.4 networks are linked together using IPv6, which has a wide address space and so enables more devices to connect to the internet using the 6LoWPAN protocol. It is necessary to address some privacy and security issues that have arisen as a result of the widespread use of the Internet, notwithstanding the great benefits that have resulted. For the Internet of Things operating systems, this research has provided a network security architecture that ensures secure communication by utilizing the Cooja network simulator in combination with the Contiki operating system and demonstrate and explained how the nodes can protect from the network layer and physical layer attacks. Also, this research has depicted the energy consumption results of each designated node type during the authentication and communication process. Finally, proposed a few further improvements for the architecture which will enhance the network layer protection.

The “Internet of Things” (IoT) is internetworking of physical devices known as 'things', algorithms, equipment and techniques that allow communication with another device, equipment and software over the network. And with the advancement in data communication, every device must be connected via the Internet. For this purpose, we use resource-constrained sensor nodes for collecting data from homes, offices, hospitals, industries and data centers. But various vulnerabilities may ruin the functioning of the sensor nodes. Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is a standardized, secure routing protocol designed for the 6LoWPAN IoT network. It's a proactive routing protocol that works on the destination-oriented topology to perform safe routing. The Sinkhole is a networking attack that destroys the topology of the RPL protocol as the attacker node changes the route of all the traffic in the IoT network. In this paper, we have given a survey of Sinkhole attacks in IoT and proposed different methods for preventing and detecting these attacks in a low-power-based IoT network.

The most widely used protocol for routing across the 6LoWPAN stack is the Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy (RPL) Network. However, the RPL lacks adequate security solutions, resulting in numerous internal and external security vulnerabilities. There is still much research work left to uncover RPL's shortcomings. As a result, we first implement the worst parent selection (WPS) attack in this paper. Second, we offer an intrusion detection system (IDS) to identify the WPS attack. The WPS attack modifies the victim node's objective function, causing it to choose the worst node as its preferred parent. Consequently, the network does not achieve optimal convergence, and nodes form the loop; a lower rank node selects a higher rank node as a parent, effectively isolating many nodes from the network. In addition, we propose DWA-IDS as an IDS for detecting WPS attacks. We use the Contiki-cooja simulator for simulation purposes. According to the simulation results, the WPS attack reduces system performance by increasing packet transmission time. The DWA-IDS simulation results show that our IDS detects all malicious nodes that launch the WPS attack. The true positive rate of the proposed DWA-IDS is more than 95%, and the detection rate is 100%. We also deliberate the theoretical proof for the false-positive case as our DWA-IDS do not have any false-positive case. The overhead of DWA-IDS is modest enough to be set up with low-power and memory-constrained devices.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a technology that has evolved to make day-to-day life faster and easier. But with the increase in the number of users, the IoT network is prone to various security and privacy issues. And most of these issues/attacks occur during the routing of the data in the IoT network. Therefore, for secure routing among resource-constrained nodes of IoT, the RPL protocol has been standardized by IETF. But the RPL protocol is also vulnerable to attacks based on resources, topology formation and traffic flow between nodes. The attacks like DoS, Blackhole, eavesdropping, flood attacks and so on cannot be efficiently defended using RPL protocol for routing data in IoT networks. So, defense mechanisms are used to protect networks from routing attacks. And are classified into Secure Routing Protocols (SRPs) and Intrusion Detection systems (IDs). This paper gives an overview of the RPL attacks and the defense mechanisms used to detect or mitigate the RPL routing attacks in IoT networks.

Low-Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) run on resource-constrained devices and play a key role in many Industrial Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems based applications. But, achieving an energy-efficient routing in LLNs is a major challenge nowadays. This challenge is addressed by Routing Protocol for Low-power Lossy Networks (RPL), which is specified in RFC 6550 as a “Proposed Standard” at present. In RPL, a client node uses Destination Advertisement Object (DAO) control messages to pass on the destination information towards the root node. An attacker may exploit the DAO sending mechanism of RPL to perform a DAO Insider attack in LLNs. In this paper, it is shown that an aggressive attacker can drastically degrade the network performance. To address DAO Insider attack, a lightweight defense solution is proposed. The proposed solution uses an early blacklisting strategy to significantly mitigate the attack and restore RPL performance. The proposed solution is implemented and tested on Cooja Simulator.

In this paper, we present the architecture of a Smart Industry inspired platform designed for Agriculture 4.0 applications and, specifically, to optimize an ecosystem of SW and HW components for animal repelling. The platform implementation aims to obtain reliability and energy efficiency in a system aimed to detect, recognize, identify, and repel wildlife by generating specific ultrasound signals. The wireless sensor network is composed of OpenMote hardware devices coordinated on a mesh network based on the 6LoWPAN protocol, and connected to an FPGA-based board. The system, activated when an animal is detected, elaborates the data received from a video camera connected to FPGA-based hardware devices and then activates different ultrasonic jammers belonging to the OpenMotes network devices. This way, in real-time wildlife will be progressively moved away from the field to be preserved by the activation of specific ultrasonic generators. To monitor the daily behavior of the wildlife, the ecosystem is expanded using a time series database running on a Cloud platform.

Routing protocol for low power and lossy networks (RPL) is the underlying routing protocol of 6LoWPAN, a core communication standard for the Internet of Things. In terms of quality of service (QoS), device management, and energy efficiency, RPL beats competing wireless sensor and ad hoc routing protocols. However, several attacks could threaten the network due to the problem of unauthenticated or unencrypted control frames, centralized root controllers, compromised or unauthenticated devices. Thus, in this paper, we aim to investigate the effect of topology and Resources attacks on RPL.s efficiency. The Hello Flooding attack, Increase Number attack and Decrease Rank attack are the three forms of Resources attacks and Topology attacks respectively chosen to work on. The simulations were done to understand the impact of the three different attacks on RPL performances metrics including End-to-End Delay (E2ED), throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and average power consumption. The findings show that the three attacks increased the E2ED, decreased the PDR and the network throughput, and degrades the network’, which further raises the power consumption of the network nodes.

Although 6LoWPAN has brought about a revolutionary leap in networking for Low-power Lossy Networks, challenges still exist, including security concerns that are yet to answer. The most common type of attack on 6LoWPANs is the network layer, especially routing attacks, since the very members of a 6LoWPAN network have to carry out packet forwarding for the whole network. According to the initial purpose of IoT, these nodes are expected to be resource-deficient electronic devices with an utterly stochastic time pattern of attachment or detachment from a network. This issue makes preserving their authenticity or identifying their malignity hard, if not impossible. Since 6LoWPAN is a successor and a hybrid of previously developed wireless technologies, it is inherently prone to cyber-attacks shared with its predecessors, especially Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and WPANs. On the other hand, multiple attacks have been uniquely developed for 6LoWPANs due to the unique design of the network layer protocol of 6LoWPANs known as RPL. While there exist publications about attacks on 6LoWPANs, a comprehensive survey exclusively on RPL-specific attacks is felt missing to bold the discrimination between the RPL-specific and non-specific attacks. Hence, the urge behind this paper is to gather all known attacks unique to RPL in a single volume.