In the dynamic and ever-changing domain of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), the utmost importance lies in guaranteeing resilient and lucid security measures. This study highlights the necessity of implementing a Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) to enhance the security of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), hence departing from conventional perimeter defences that may expose vulnerabilities. The Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) paradigm requires a rigorous and continuous process of authenticating all network entities and communications. The accuracy of our methodology in detecting and identifying unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is 84.59\%. This is achieved by utilizing Radio Frequency (RF) signals within a Deep Learning framework, a unique method. Precise identification is crucial in Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA), as it determines network access. In addition, the use of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) tools such as SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) and Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations (LIME) contributes to the improvement of the model s transparency and interpretability. Adherence to Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) standards guarantees that the classifications of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are verifiable and comprehensible, enhancing security within the UAV field.

The effective use of artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance cyber security has been demonstrated in various areas, including cyber threat assessments, cyber security awareness, and compliance. AI also provides mechanisms to write cybersecurity training, plans, policies, and procedures. However, when it comes to cyber security risk assessment and cyber insurance, it is very complicated to manage and measure. Cybersecurity professionals need to have a thorough understanding of cybersecurity risk factors and assessment techniques. For this reason, artificial intelligence (AI) can be an effective tool for producing a more thorough and comprehensive analysis. This study focuses on the effectiveness of AI-driven mechanisms in enhancing the complete cyber security insurance life cycle by examining and implementing a demonstration of how AI can aid in cybersecurity resilience.

The integration of IoT with cellular wireless networks is expected to deepen as cellular technology progresses from 5G to 6G, enabling enhanced connectivity and data exchange capabilities. However, this evolution raises security concerns, including data breaches, unauthorized access, and increased exposure to cyber threats. The complexity of 6G networks may introduce new vulnerabilities, highlighting the need for robust security measures to safeguard sensitive information and user privacy. Addressing these challenges is critical for 5G networks massively IoT-connected systems as well as any new ones that that will potentially work in the 6G environment. Artificial Intelligence is expected to play a vital role in the operation and management of 6G networks. Because of the complex interaction of IoT and 6G networks, Explainable Artificial Intelligence (AI) is expected to emerge as an important tool for enhancing security. This study presents an AI-powered security system for the Internet of Things (IoT), utilizing XGBoost, Shapley Additive, and Local Interpretable Model-agnostic explanation methods, applied to the CICIoT 2023 dataset. These explanations empowers administrators to deploy more resilient security measures tailored to address specific threats and vulnerabilities, improving overall system security against cyber threats and attacks.

The authors clarified in 2020 that the relationship between AI and security can be classified into four categories: (a) attacks using AI, (b) attacks by AI itself, (c) attacks to AI, and (d) security measures using AI, and summarized research trends for each. Subsequently, ChatGPT became available in November 2022, and the various potential applications of ChatGPT and other generative AIs and the associated risks have attracted attention. In this study, we examined how the emergence of generative AI affects the relationship between AI and security. The results show that (a) the need for the four perspectives of AI and security remains unchanged in the era of generative AI, (b) The generalization of AI targets and automatic program generation with the birth of generative AI will greatly increase the risk of attacks by the AI itself, (c) The birth of generative AI will make it possible to generate easy-to-understand answers to various questions in natural language, which may lead to the spread of fake news and phishing e-mails that can easily fool many people and an increase in AI-based attacks. In addition, it became clear that (1) attacks using AI and (2) responses to attacks by AI itself are highly important. Among these, the analysis of attacks by AI itself, using an attack tree, revealed that the following measures are needed: (a) establishment of penalties for developing inappropriate programs, (b) introduction of a reporting system for signs of attacks by AI, (c) measures to prevent AI revolt by incorporating Asimov s three principles of robotics, and (d) establishment of a mechanism to prevent AI from attacking humans even when it becomes confused.

The complex landscape of multi-cloud settings is the result of the fast growth of cloud computing and the ever-changing needs of contemporary organizations. Strong cyber defenses are of fundamental importance in this setting. In this study, we investigate the use of AI in hybrid cloud settings for the purpose of multi-cloud security management. To help businesses improve their productivity and resilience, we provide a mathematical model for optimal resource allocation. Our methodology streamlines dynamic threat assessments, making it easier for security teams to efficiently priorities vulnerabilities. The advent of a new age of real-time threat response is heralded by the incorporation of AI-driven security tactics. The technique we use has real-world implications that may help businesses stay ahead of constantly changing threats. In the future, scientists will focus on autonomous security systems, interoperability, ethics, interoperability, and cutting-edge AI models that have been validated in the real world. This study provides a detailed road map for businesses to follow as they navigate the complex cybersecurity landscape of multi-cloud settings, therefore promoting resilience and agility in this era of digital transformation.

With the rapid advancement of technology and the expansion of available data, AI has permeated many aspects of people s lives. Large Language Models(LLMs) such as ChatGPT are increasing the accuracy of their response and achieving a high level of communication with humans. These AIs can be used in business to benefit, for example, customer support and documentation tasks, allowing companies to respond to customer inquiries efficiently and consistently. In addition, AI can generate digital content, including texts, images, and a wide range of digital materials based on the training data, and is expected to be used in business. However, the widespread use of AI also raises ethical concerns. The potential for unintentional bias, discrimination, and privacy and security implications must be carefully considered. Therefore, While AI can improve our lives, it has the potential to exacerbate social inequalities and injustices. This paper aims to explore the unintended outputs of AI and assess their impact on society. Developers and users can take appropriate precautions by identifying the potential for unintended output. Such experiments are essential to efforts to minimize the potential negative social impacts of AI transparency, accountability, and use. We will also discuss social and ethical aspects with the aim of finding sustainable solutions regarding AI.

Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) has increasingly been used to enhance threat intelligence and cyber security measures for organizations. Generative AI is a form of AI that creates new data without relying on existing data or expert knowledge. This technology provides decision support systems with the ability to automatically and quickly identify threats posed by hackers or malicious actors by taking into account various sources and data points. In addition, generative AI can help identify vulnerabilities within an organization s infrastructure, further reducing the potential for a successful attack. This technology is especially well-suited for security operations centers (SOCs), which require rapid identification of threats and defense measures. By incorporating interesting and valuable data points that previously would have been missed, generative AI can provide organizations with an additional layer of defense against increasingly sophisticated attacks.

We propose a conceptual framework, named "AI Security Continuum," consisting of dimensions to deal with challenges of the breadth of the AI security risk sustainably and systematically under the emerging context of the computing continuum as well as continuous engineering. The dimensions identified are the continuum in the AI computing environment, the continuum in technical activities for AI, the continuum in layers in the overall architecture, including AI, the level of AI automation, and the level of AI security measures. We also prospect an engineering foundation that can efficiently and effectively raise each dimension.

Penetration testing (Pen-Testing) detects potential vulnerabilities and exploits by imitating black hat hackers to stop cyber crimes. Despite recent attempts to automate Pen-Testing, the issue of automation is still unresolved. Additionally, the attempts are highly case-specific and ignore the unique characteristics of pen-testing. Moreover, the achieved accuracy is limited, and very sensitive to variations. Also, there are redundancies found in detecting the exploits using non-automated algorithms. This paper concludes the recent study in the Penetration testing field and illustrates the importance of a comprehensive hybrid AI automation framework for pen-testing.

Deep neural networks have been widely applied in various critical domains. However, they are vulnerable to the threat of adversarial examples. It is challenging to make deep neural networks inherently robust to adversarial examples, while adversarial example detection offers advantages such as not affecting model classification accuracy. This paper introduces common adversarial attack methods and provides an explanation of adversarial example detection. Recent advances in adversarial example detection methods are categorized into two major classes: statistical methods and adversarial detection networks. The evolutionary relationship among different detection methods is discussed. Finally, the current research status in this field is summarized, and potential future directions are highlighted.

With the increased computational efficiency, Deep Neural Network gained more importance in the area of medical diagnosis. Nowadays many researchers have noticed the security concerns of various deep neural network models used for the clinical applications. However an efficient model misbehaves frequently when it confronted with intentionally modified data samples, called adversarial examples. These adversarial examples generated with some imperceptible perturbations, but can fool the DNNs to give false predictions. Thus, various adversarial attacks and defense methods certainly stand out from both AI and security networks and have turned into a hot exploration point lately. Adversarial attacks can be expected in various applications of deep learning model especially in healthcare area for disease prediction or classification. It should be properly handled with effective defensive mechanisms or else it may be a great threat to human life. This literature work will help to notice various adversarial attacks and defensive mechanisms. In the field of clinical analysis, this paper gives a detailed research on adversarial approaches on deep neural networks. This paper starts with the speculative establishments, various techniques, and utilization of adversarial attacking strategies. The contributions by the various researchers for the defensive mechanisms against adversarial attacks were also discussed. A few open issues and difficulties are accordingly discussed about, which might incite further exploration endeavors.

In recent years, machine learning technology has been extensively utilized, leading to increased attention to the security of AI systems. In the field of image recognition, an attack technique called clean-label backdoor attack has been widely studied, and it is more difficult to detect than general backdoor attacks because data labels do not change when tampering with poisoning data during model training. However, there remains a lack of research on malware detection systems. Some of the current work is under the white-box assumption that requires knowledge of machine learning-based models which can be advantageous for attackers. In this study, we focus on clean-label backdoor attacks in malware detection systems and propose a new clean-label backdoor attack under the black-box assumption that does not require knowledge of machine learning-based models, which is riskier. The experimental evaluation of the proposed attack method shows that the attack success rate is up to 80.50\% when the poisoning rate is 14.00\%, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed attack method. In addition, we experimentally evaluated the effectiveness of the dimensionality reduction techniques in preventing clean-label backdoor attacks, and showed that it can reduce the attack success rate by 76.00\%.

As artificial intelligent models continue to grow in their capacity and sophistication, they are often trusted with very sensitive information. In the sub-field of adversarial machine learning, developments are geared solely towards finding reliable methods to systematically erode the ability of artificial intelligent systems to perform as intended. These techniques can cause serious breaches of security, interruptions to major systems, and irreversible damage to consumers. Our research evaluates the effects of various white box adversarial machine learning attacks on popular computer vision deep learning models leveraging a public X-ray dataset from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). We make use of several experiments to gauge the feasibility of developing deep learning models that are robust to adversarial machine learning attacks by taking into account different defense strategies, such as adversarial training, to observe how adversarial attacks evolve over time. Our research details how a variety white box attacks effect different components of InceptionNet, DenseNet, and ResNeXt and suggest how the models can effectively defend against these attacks.

With the future 6G era, spiking neural networks (SNNs) can be powerful processing tools in various areas due to their strong artificial intelligence (AI) processing capabilities, such as biometric recognition, AI robotics, autonomous drive, and healthcare. However, within Cyber Physical System (CPS), SNNs are surprisingly vulnerable to adversarial examples generated by benign samples with human-imperceptible noise, this will lead to serious consequences such as face recognition anomalies, autonomous drive-out of control, and wrong medical diagnosis. Only by fully understanding the principles of adversarial attacks with adversarial samples can we defend against them. Nowadays, most existing adversarial attacks result in a severe accuracy degradation to trained SNNs. Still, the critical issue is that they only generate adversarial samples by randomly adding, deleting, and flipping spike trains, making them easy to identify by filters, even by human eyes. Besides, the attack performance and speed also can be improved further. Hence, Spike Probabilistic Attack (SPA) is presented in this paper and aims to generate adversarial samples with more minor perturbations, greater model accuracy degradation, and faster iteration. SPA uses Poisson coding to generate spikes as probabilities, directly converting input data into spikes for faster speed and generating uniformly distributed perturbation for better attack performance. Moreover, an objective function is constructed for minor perturbations and keeping attack success rate, which speeds up the convergence by adjusting parameters. Both white-box and black-box settings are conducted to evaluate the merits of SPA. Experimental results show the model s accuracy under white-box attack decreases by 9.2S\% 31.1S\% better than others, and average success rates are 74.87\% under the black-box setting. The experimental results indicate that SPA has better attack performance than other existing attacks in the white-box and better transferability performance in the black-box setting

AI is one of the most popular field of technologies nowadays. Developers implement these technologies everywhere forgetting sometimes about its robustness to unobvious types of traffic. This omission can be used by attackers, who are always seeking to develop new attacks. So, the growth of AI is highly correlates with the rise of adversarial attacks. Adversarial attacks or adversarial machine learning is a technique when attackers attempt to fool ML systems with deceptive data. They can use inconspicuous, natural-looking perturbations in input data to mislead neural networks without inferring into a model directly and often without the risk to be detected. Adversarial attacks usually are divided into three primary axes - the security violation, poisoning and evasion attacks, which further can be categorized on “targeted”, “untargeted”, “whitebox” and “blackbox” types. This research examines most of the adversarial attacks are known by 2023 relating to all these categories and some others.

Conventional approaches to analyzing industrial control systems have relied on either white-box analysis or black-box fuzzing. However, white-box methods rely on sophisticated domain expertise, while black-box methods suffers from state explosion and thus scales poorly when analyzing real ICS involving a large number of sensors and actuators. To address these limitations, we propose XAI-based gray-box fuzzing, a novel approach that leverages explainable AI and machine learning modeling of ICS to accurately identify a small set of actuators critical to ICS safety, which result in significant reduction of state space without relying on domain expertise. Experiment results show that our method accurately explains the ICS model and significantly speeds-up fuzzing by 64x when compared to conventional black-box methods.

ChatGPT, a conversational Artificial Intelligence, has the capacity to produce grammatically accurate and persuasively human responses to numerous inquiry types from various fields. Both its users and applications are growing at an unbelievable rate. Sadly, abuse and usage often go hand in hand. Since the words produced by AI are nearly comparable to those produced by humans, the AI model can be used to influence people or organizations in a variety of ways. In this paper, we test the accuracy of various online tools widely used for the detection of AI-generated and Human generated texts or responses.

With the increasing deployment of machine learning models across various domains, ensuring AI security has become a critical concern. Model evasion, a specific area of concern, involves attackers manipulating a model s predictions by perturbing the input data. The Fast Gradient Sign Method (FGSM) is a well-known technique for model evasion, typically used in white-box settings where the attacker has direct access to the model s architecture. In this method, the attacker intelligently manipulates the inputs to cause mispredictions by accessing the gradients of the input. To address the limitations of FGSM in black-box settings, we propose an extension of this approach called FGSM on ZOO. This method leverages the Zeroth Order Optimization (ZOO) technique to intellectually manipulate the inputs. Unlike white-box attacks, black-box attacks rely solely on observing the model s input-output behavior without access to its internal structure or parameters. We conducted experiments using the MNIST Digits and CIFAR datasets to establish a baseline for vulnerability assessment and to explore future prospects for securing models. By examining the effectiveness of FGSM on ZOO in these experiments, we gain insights into the potential vulnerabilities and the need for improved security measures in AI systems

Security vulnerabilities are weaknesses of software due for instance to design flaws or implementation bugs that can be exploited and lead to potentially devastating security breaches. Traditionally, static code analysis is recognized as effective in the detection of software security vulnerabilities but at the expense of a high human effort required for checking a large number of produced false positive cases. Deep-learning methods have been recently proposed to overcome such a limitation of static code analysis and detect the vulnerable code by using vulnerability-related patterns learned from large source code datasets. However, the use of these methods for localizing the causes of the vulnerability in the source code, i.e., localize the statements that contain the bugs, has not been extensively explored. In this work, we experiment the use of deep-learning and explainability methods for detecting and localizing vulnerability-related statements in code fragments (named snippets). We aim at understanding if the code features adopted by deep-learning methods to identify vulnerable code snippets can also support the developers in debugging the code, thus localizing the vulnerability’s cause Our work shows that deep-learning methods can be effective in detecting the vulnerable code snippets, under certain conditions, but the code features that such methods use can only partially face the actual causes of the vulnerabilities in the code.CCS Concepts• Security and privacy \rightarrow Vulnerability management; Systems security; Malware and its mitigation; \cdot Software and its engineering \rightarrow Software testing and debugging.

In the ever-changing world of blockchain technology, the emergence of smart contracts has completely transformed the way agreements are executed, offering the potential for automation and trust in decentralized systems. Despite their built-in security features, smart contracts still face persistent vulnerabilities, resulting in significant financial losses. While existing studies often approach smart contract security from specific angles, such as development cycles or vulnerability detection tools, this paper adopts a comprehensive, multidimensional perspective. It delves into the intricacies of smart contract security by examining vulnerability detection mechanisms and defense strategies. The exploration begins by conducting a detailed analysis of the current security challenges and issues surrounding smart contracts. It then delves into established frameworks for classifying vulnerabilities and common security flaws. The paper examines existing methods for detecting, and repairing contract vulnerabilities, evaluating their effectiveness. Additionally, it provides a comprehensive overview of the existing body of knowledge in smart contract security-related research. Through this systematic examination, the paper aims to serve as a valuable reference and provide a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted landscape of smart contract security.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are increasingly adopted to perform various military, civilian, and commercial tasks in recent years. To assure the reliability of UAVs during these tasks, anomaly detection plays an important role in today s UAV system. With the rapid development of AI hardware and algorithms, leveraging AI techniques has become a prevalent trend for UAV anomaly detection. While existing AI-enabled UAV anomaly detection schemes have been demonstrated to be promising, they also raise additional security concerns about the schemes themselves. In this paper, we perform a study to explore and analyze the potential vulnerabilities in state-of-the-art AI-enabled UAV anomaly detection designs. We first validate the existence of security vulnerability and then propose an iterative attack that can effectively exploit the vulnerability and bypass the anomaly detection. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our attack by evaluating it on a state-of-the-art UAV anomaly detection scheme, in which our attack is successfully launched without being detected. Based on the understanding obtained from our study, this paper also discusses potential defense directions to enhance the security of AI-enabled UAV anomaly detection.

Software vulnerability detection (SVD) aims to identify potential security weaknesses in software. SVD systems have been rapidly evolving from those being based on testing, static analysis, and dynamic analysis to those based on machine learning (ML). Many ML-based approaches have been proposed, but challenges remain: training and testing datasets contain duplicates, and building customized end-to-end pipelines for SVD is time-consuming. We present Tenet, a modular framework for building end-to-end, customizable, reusable, and automated pipelines through a plugin-based architecture that supports SVD for several deep learning (DL) and basic ML models. We demonstrate the applicability of Tenet by building practical pipelines performing SVD on real-world vulnerabilities.

The increasement of blockchain applications has brought about many security issues, with smart contract vulnerabilities causing significant financial losses. The majority of current smart contract vulnerability detection methods predominantly rely on static analysis of the source code and predefined expert rules. However, these approaches exhibit certain limitations, characterized by their restricted scalability and lower detection accuracy. Therefore in this paper, we use graph neural networks to perform smart contract vulnerability detection at the bytecode level, aiming to address the aforementioned issues. In particular, we propose a novel detection model. In order to acquire a comprehensive understanding of the dependencies among individual functions within a smart contract, we first construct a Program Dependency Graph(PDG) of functions, extract function-level features using graph neural networks, then augment function-level features using a self-attentive mechanism to learn the dependencies between functions, and finally aggregate function-level features for detecting the vulnerabilities. Our model possesses the capability to identify the subtle nuances in the interactions and interdependencies among different functions, consequently enhancing the precision of vulnerability detection. Experimental results show the performance of the method compared to existing smart contract vulnerability detection methods across multiple evaluation metrics.

With the increasing number and types of APP vulnerabilities, the detection technology and methods need to be enriched and personalized according to different types of security vulnerabilities. Therefore, a single detection technology can no longer meet the needs of business security diversity. First of all, the new detection method needs to clarify the relevant features of APP business security; Secondly, the new detection method needs to re-adapt the features related to APP business security; Thirdly, the new detection method needs to be trained and applied according to different AI algorithms. In view of this, we designed an APP privacy information leakage detection scheme based on deep learning. This scheme specifically selects business security-related features for the type of privacy information leakage vulnerability of APP, and then performs feature processing and adaptation to become the input parameters of CNN network algorithm. Finally, we train and call the CNN network algorithm. We selected the APP of the Telecom Tianyi Space App Store for experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of our APP privacy information leakage detection system based on CNN network. The experimental results show that the detection accuracy of our proposed detection system has achieved the desired effect.

Cybersecurity is the practice of preventing cyberattacks on vital infrastructure and private data. Government organisations, banks, hospitals, and every other industry sector are increasingly investing in cybersecurity infrastructure to safeguard their operations and the millions of consumers who entrust them with their personal information. Cyber threat activity is alarming in a world where businesses are more interconnected than ever before, raising concerns about how well organisations can protect themselves from widespread attacks. Threat intelligence solutions employ Natural Language Processing to read and interpret the meaning of words and technical data in various languages and find trends in them. It is becoming increasingly precise for machines to analyse various data sources in multiple languages using NLP. This paper aims to develop a system that targets software vulnerability detection as a Natural Language Processing (NLP) problem with source code treated as texts and addresses the automated software vulnerability detection with recent advanced deep learning NLP models. We have created and compared various deep learning models based on their accuracy and the best performer achieved 95\% accurate results. Furthermore we have also made an effort to predict which vulnerability class a particular source code belongs to and also developed a robust dashboard using FastAPI and ReactJS.