A hybrid cryptosystem is developed in the paper “Hybrid Data Encryption and Decryption Using Hybrid RSA and DNA” by combining the advantages of asymmetric-key (public-key) and symmetric-key (private-key) cryptosystems. These two types of cryptosystems use a variety of key types. The approach addresses worries about the users right to privacy, authentication, and accuracy by using a data encryption procedure that is secure both ways. Data encoding and data decryption are two separate security techniques used by the system. It has been suggested that a hybrid encryption algorithm be used for file encryption to handle the issues with efficiency and security. RSA and DNA are combined in this method. The outcome so the tests show that the RSA and DNA hybrid encryption algorithms are suitable for use. In this particular study effort, the hybrid encryption and decoding for cloud processing with IOT devices used the DNA and RSA algorithms.

Information exchange occurs all the time in today’s internet era. Some of the data are public, and some are private. Asymmetric cryptography plays a critical role in securing private data transfer. However, technological advances caused private data at risk due to the presence of quantum computers. Therefore, we need a new method for securing private data. This paper proposes combining DNA cryptography methods based on the NTRU cryptosystem to enhance security data confidentiality. This method is compared with conventional public key cryptography methods. The comparison shows that the proposed method has a slow encryption and decryption time compared to other methods except for RSA. However, the key generation time of the proposed method is much faster than other methods tested except for ECC. The proposed method is superior in key generation time and considerably different from other tested methods. Meanwhile, the encryption and decryption time is slower than other methods besides RSA. The test results can get different results based on the programming language used.

E-health, smart health and telemedicine are examples of sophisticated healthcare systems. For end-to-end communication, these systems rely on digital medical information. Although this digitizing saves much time, it is open source. As a result, hackers could potentially manipulate the digital medical image as it is being transmitted. It is harder to diagnose an actual disease from a modified digital medical image in medical diagnostics. As a result, ensuring the security and confidentiality of clinical images, as well as reducing the computing time of encryption algorithms, appear to be critical problems for research groups. Conventional approaches are insufficient to ensure high-level medical image security. So this review paper focuses on depicting advanced methods like DNA cryptography and Chaotic Map as advanced techniques that could potentially help in encrypting the digital image at an effective level. This review acknowledges the key accomplishments expressed in the encrypting measures and their success indicators of qualitative and quantitative measurement. This research study also explores the key findings and reasons for finding the lessons learned as a roadmap for impending findings.

Counterfeited products are a significant problem in both developed and developing countries and has become more critical as an aftermath of COVID-19, exclusively for drugs and medical equipment’s. In this paper, an innovative approach is proposed to resist counterfeiting which is based on the principles of Synthetic DNA. The proposed encryption approach has employed the distinctive features of synthetic DNA in amalgamation with DNA encryption to provide information security and functions as an anticounterfeiting method that ensures usability. The scheme’s security analysis and proof of concept are detailed. Scyther is used to carry out the formal analysis of the scheme, and all of the modeled assertions are verified without any attacks.

The rate of development in today s IT industry is unprecedented. Information is being stored and transformed at a faster and faster rate. Therefore, the importance of protecting sensitive data is growing. Everyone is concerned about preventing hackers from gaining access to their personal data. Several algorithms from the fields of classical cryptography and steganography can be used to conceal data. DNA cryptography is an emerging field that aims to protect information kept in DNA. DNA cryptography takes use of DNA s innate computing power at the molecular level. In this paper, we are exploring diverse cryptographic algorithms and methods that are used to secure the stored data in DNA. The paper represents the critical review that includes merits and demerits of the diverse cryptographic algorithms for securing the data in DNA.

Today, Distribution System Operators (DSO) face numerous challenges, such as growth of decentralized power generation, increasing unconventional demands, active network management for peak load- and congestion management. Moreover, DSO also face an accelerated asset ageing while confronted with tight budgets and a strong ROI business case justification. The Digital Transformer Twin is the digital representation of real physical assets and enables the operators to evaluate the Transformer Asset Condition by leveraging software capabilities, AI insights from large datasets as well as academic research results in order to turn data into reality. Thus, trusted and consistent results over the entire transformer life span require also a faithful Digital Transformer Twin over the entire physical transformer life cycle from inception to retirement.

Sustainability within the built environment is increasingly important to our global community as it minimizes environmental impact whilst providing economic and social benefits. Governments recognize the importance of sustainability by providing economic incentives and tenants, particularly large enterprises seek facilities that align with their corporate social responsibility objectives. Claiming sustainability outcomes clearly has benefits for facility owners and facility occupants that have sustainability as part of their business objectives but there are also incentives to overstate the value delivered or only measure parts of the facility lifecycle that provide attractive results. Whilst there is a plethora of research on Building Information Management (BIM) systems within the construction industry there has been limited research on BIM in the facilities management \& sustainability fields. The significant contribution with this research is the integration of blockchain for the purposes of transaction assurance with development of a working model spanning BIM and blockchain underpinning phase one of this research. From an industry perspective the contribution of this paper is to articulate a path to integrate a wide range of mature and emerging technologies into solutions that deliver trusted results for government, facility owners, tenants and other directly impacted stakeholders to assess the sustainability impact.

Happiness Is Homemade is a safe and trusted platform that addresses the lack of recreational opportunities faced by older adults. Our website will help people not only elders but also volunteers of younger age groups, connect with people of similar likes and interests helping them enlarge their social circle and switching to other means of recreation apart from mobile phones and television. This platform aims at resolving the issues of lack of leisure time activities which may lead to problems in physical and mental health, social life, and the environment in which they live and interact with older adults. Registered volunteers organize specific activities for senior citizens. Elders who are interested in embarking on new experiences or continue pursuing their hobbies and interests can register for the specific curated event. The event details, time, place, and the details of the volunteer/s organizing the event would be mentioned. Activities here include excursions to specific locations, temple visits, retro nights and yoga, meditation events, etc. It also provides a platform for seniors to organize courses(classes) in their areas of expertise. These courses are accompanied by interested volunteers. Classes can be conducted online or offline at senior citizens homes. Classes can include any subject, including cooking, finance, gardening, and home economics. With the help of this platform not only will the problem of leisure time activities be resolved but also it will help the elder citizens to earn some income.

In Industry 4.0, the Digital twin has been widely used in industrial activities. However, the data-driven industry is placing a higher demand on digital twins, especially for the secure sharing and management of data throughout the lifecycle. As a distributed ledger technology, Blockchain is well suited to address these challenges. Unfortunately, current blockchain-based digital twin lifecycle management does not focus on data processing after the retirement stage. In this paper, we propose BDTwins, a blockchain-based digital twin lifecycle management framework, which is built based on our proposed 7D model. In this framework, we make innovative use of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT) to process the data in the recovery stage of the digital twin. This method solves digital intellectual property disputes and inherits digital twin knowledge completely and stably after the destruction of physical entities. In addition, BDTwins has designed a fine-grained hierarchical access control policy to enable secure data sharing among stakeholders. And solves the performance bottleneck of traditional single-chain blockchain architecture by utilizing directed acyclic graph (DAG) blockchain and off-chain distributed storage. Finally, we implement a general blockchain-based digital twin case using smart contract technology to demonstrate our proposed digital twin lifecycle management framework.

This study aims to examine the effect of Islamic financial literacy on Islamic financial inclusion through the mediation of digital finance and social capital. Proportionate Stratified Random Sampling was used to select 385 samples from each of Banda Aceh City s 9 sub-districts. Afterward, the questionnaire data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in accordance with scientific standards. This study found two important things. First, Islamic financial literacy, digital finance, and social capital boost Banda Aceh s Islamic financial inclusion. Second, digital finance and social capital can mediate the effects of Islamic financial literacy on Banda Aceh s Islamic financial inclusion. This study emphasizes the need for a holistic approach, combining education, technology, and community trust to promote Islamic financial inclusion. Policymakers, educators, institutions, and community leaders can leverage these insights to contribute to a more inclusive Islamic finance ecosystem.

The backend of the processor executes the μops decoded from the frontend out of order, while the retirement is responsible for retiring completed μops in the Reorder Buffer in order. Consequently, the retirement may stall differently depending on the execution time of the first instruction in the Reorder Buffer. Moreover, since retirement is shared between two logical cores on the same physical core, an attacker can deduce the instructions executed on the other logical core by observing the availability of its own retirement. Based on this finding, we introduce two novel covert channels: the Different Instructions covert channel and the Same Instructions covert channel, which can transmit information across logical cores and possess the ability to bypass the existing protection strategies. Furthermore, this paper explores additional applications of retirement. On the one hand, we propose a new variant of Spectre v1 by applying the retirement to the Spectre attack using the principle that the fallback penalty of misprediction is related to the instructions speculated to be executed. On the other hand, based on the principle that different programs result in varied usage patterns of retirement, we propose an attack method that leverages the retirement to infer the program run by the victim. Finally, we discuss possible mitigations against new covert channels.

This study explores how AI-driven personal finance advisors can significantly improve individual financial well-being. It addresses the complexity of modern finance, emphasizing the integration of AI for informed decision-making. The research covers challenges like budgeting, investment planning, debt management, and retirement preparation. It highlights AI s capabilities in data-driven analysis, predictive modeling, and personalized recommendations, particularly in risk assessment, portfolio optimization, and real-time market monitoring. The paper also addresses ethical and privacy concerns, proposing a transparent deployment framework. User acceptance and trust-building are crucial for widespread adoption. A case study demonstrates enhanced financial literacy, returns, and overall well-being with AI-powered advisors, underscoring their potential to revolutionize financial wellness. The study emphasizes responsible implementation and trust-building for ethical and effective AI deployment in personal finance.

Digitization expansion enables business transactions operating in distributed systems encompassing Internet- and Machine-to-Everything (M2X) economies. Distributed collaboration systems growth comes at a cost of rapidly rising numbers of machines, infrastructure, machine-infrastructure traffic, and consequently a significant augmentation of associated carbon emissions. In order to investigate M2X’s carbon footprint, we design an impact index application layer using blockchain technology of smart contracts to empower a sustainable management of distributed collaboration systems. The impact measurement methodology based on transparent liquid data secures trusted inter-organizational collaborations and supports traceable standardization of sustainability regulation.

Processor design and manufacturing is often done globally, involving multiple companies, some of which can be untrustworthy. This lack of trust leads to the threat of malicious modifications like Hardware Trojans. Hardware Trojans can cause drastic consequences and even endanger human lives. Hence, effective countermeasures against Hardware Trojans are urgently needed. To develop countermeasures, Hardware Trojans and their properties have to be understood well. For this reason, we describe and characterize Hardware Trojans in detail in this paper. We perform a theoretical analysis of Hardware Trojans for processors. Afterwards, we present a new classification of processor constituents, which can be used to derive several triggers and payloads and compare them with previously published Hardware Trojans. This shows in detail possible attack vectors for processors and gaps in existing processor Hardware Trojan landscape. No previous work presents such a detailed investigation of Hardware Trojans for processors. With this work, we intend to improve understanding of Hardware Trojans in processors, supporting the development of new countermeasures and prevention techniques.

Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (AI) focuses on AI systems prioritizing user empowerment and ethical considerations. We explore the importance of usercentric design principles and ethical guidelines in creating AI technologies that enhance user experiences and align with human values. It emphasizes user empowerment through personalized experiences and explainable AI, fostering trust and user agency. Ethical considerations, including fairness, transparency, accountability, and privacy protection, are addressed to ensure AI systems respect human rights and avoid biases. Effective human AI collaboration is emphasized, promoting shared decision-making and user control. By involving interdisciplinary collaboration, this research contributes to advancing human-centered AI, providing practical recommendations for designing AI systems that enhance user experiences, promote user empowerment, and adhere to ethical standards. It emphasizes the harmonious coexistence between humans and AI, enhancing well-being and autonomy and creating a future where AI technologies benefit humanity. Overall, this research highlights the significance of human-centered AI in creating a positive impact. By centering on users needs and values, AI systems can be designed to empower individuals and enhance their experiences. Ethical considerations are crucial to ensure fairness and transparency. With effective collaboration between humans and AI, we can harness the potential of AI to create a future that aligns with human aspirations and promotes societal well-being.

Boolean network is a popular and well-established modelling framework for gene regulatory networks. The steady-state behaviour of Boolean networks can be described as attractors, which are hypothesised to characterise cellular phenotypes. In this work, we study the target control problem of Boolean networks, which has important applications for cellular reprogramming. More specifically, we want to reduce the total number of attractors of a Boolean network to a single target attractor. Different from existing approaches to solving control problems of Boolean networks with node perturbations, we aim to develop an approach utilising edgetic perturbations. Namely, our objective is to modify the update functions of a Boolean network such that there remains only one attractor. The design of our approach is inspired by Thomas’ first rule, and we primarily focus on the removal of cycles in the interaction graph of a Boolean network. We further use results in the literature to only remove positive cycles which are responsible for the appearance of multiple attractors. We apply our solution to a number of real-life biological networks modelled as Boolean networks, and the experimental results demonstrate its efficacy and efficiency.

Operational technology (OT) systems use hardware and software to monitor and control physical processes, devices, and infrastructure - often critical infrastructures. The convergence of information technology (IT) and OT has significantly heightened the cyber threats in OT systems. Although OT systems share many of the hardware and software components in IT systems, these components often operate under different expectations. In this work, several hardware root-of-trust architectures are surveyed and the attacks each one mitigates are compared. Attacks spanning the design, manufacturing, and deployment life cycle of safety-critical operational technology are considered. The survey examines architectures that provide a hardware root-of-trust as a peripheral component in a larger system, SoC architectures with an integrated hardware root-of-trust, and FPGA-based hardware root-of-trust systems. Each architecture is compared based on the attacks mitigated. The comparison demonstrates that protecting operational technology across its complete life cycle requires multiple solutions working in tandem.

For power grid enterprises in the development of power engineering infrastructure, line equipment operation and inspection and other production and management activities, often due to evidence collection is not timely, lack of effective evidence and other reasons lead to the inability to prove, weak defense of rights, to the legitimate rights and interests of power grid enterprises caused losses. In this context, this paper carries out the technical research on the whole life cycle management scheme of electronic evidence for power grid enterprises safety production, designs the architecture of electronic evidence credible storage and traceability application service system, and realizes the whole life cycle credible management of electronic evidence from collection, curing, transmission, sealing to checking and identification. Enhance the credibility of electronic evidence, access to evidence from the traditional "after the fact evidence" to "before the evidence" mode change, and promote the company s safety production management level.

Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) need to collaborate within and outside their organizations to improve product quality and time to market. However, legacy systems built over decades using different technology stacks make information sharing and maintaining consistency challenging. Distributed ledger technologies (DLTs) can improve efficiency and provide trust, thus helping to achieve a more streamlined and unified collaboration infrastructure. However, most of the work done is theoretical or conceptual and lacks implementation. This paper elaborates on architecture and implementing a proof of concept (POC) of blockchain-based interoperability and data sharing system that allows OEMs to collaborate seamlessly and share information in real-time.

With the popularization of AIoT applications, every endpoint device is facing information security risks. Thus, how to ensure the security of the device becomes essential. Chip security is divided into software security and hardware security, both of which are indispensable and complement each other. Hardware security underpins the entire cybersecurity ecosystem by proving essential primitives, including key provisioning, hardware cryptographic engines, hardware unique key (HUK), and unique identification (UID). This establishes a Hardware Root of Trust (HRoT) with secure storage, secure operation, and a secure environment to provide a trustworthy foundation for chip security. Today s talk starts with how to use a Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) to generate a unique “fingerprint” (static random number) for the chip. Next, we will address using a static random number and dynamic entropy to design a high-performance true random number generator and achieve real anti-tampering HRoT by leveraging static and dynamic entropy. By integrating NISTstandard cryptographic engines, we have created an authentic PUF-based Hardware Root of Trust. The all-in-one integrated solution can handle all the necessary security functions throughout the product life cycle as well as maintaining a secure boundary to achieve the integrity of sensitive information or assets. Finally, as hardware-level protection extends to operating systems and applications, products and services become secure.

Industrial control systems (ICSs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) are frequently used and are essential to the operation of vital infrastructure such as oil and gas pipelines, power plants, distribution grids, and airport control towers. However, these systems confront a number of obstacles and risks that can jeopardize their safety and reliability, including communication failures, cyber-attacks, environmental hazards, and human errors. How can ensure that SCADA systems are both effective and secure? The oil and gas industry literature needs to include an analysis of the underpinning design process. Available research fails to offer appropriate direction for a methodical technique or modeling language that enables trust-based study of ICS and SCADA systems. The most pressing challenges include attaining trust by design in ICS and SCADA, as well as methodically implementing trust design into the development process from the beginning of the system s life cycle. This paper presents the design of a modern ICS and SCADA system for the oil and gas industries utilizing model-based systems engineering (MBSE) approaches. ICS and SCADA concepts and definitions are presented, and ICS and SCADA are examined using comprehensive architectural artifacts. By extending the SysML diagrams to trust ICS, SCADA, and UML diagrams, we showcase the usefulness of the MBSE method.

Summary \& ConclusionsResilience, a system property merging the consideration of stochastic and malicious events focusing on mission success, motivates researchers and practitioners to develop methodologies to support holistic assessments. While established risk assessment methods exist for early and advanced analysis of complex systems, the dynamic nature of security is much more challenging for resilience analysis.The scientific contribution of this paper is a methodology called Trust Loss Effects Analysis (TLEA) for the systematic assessment of the risks to the mission emerging from compromised trust of humans who are part of or are interacting with the system. To make this work more understandable and applicable, the TLEA method follows the steps of Failure Mode, Effects \& Criticality Analysis (FMECA) with a difference in the steps related to the identification of security events. There, the TLEA method uses steps from the Spoofing, Tampering, Repudiation, Information disclosure, Denial of Service (DoS), Elevation of privilege (STRIDE) methodology.The TLEA is introduced using a generic example and is then demonstrated using a more realistic use case of a drone-based system on a reconnaissance mission. After the application of the TLEA method, it is possible to identify different risks related to the loss of trust and evaluate their impact on mission success.

Cybersecurity is an ever-evolving discipline that aims to protect every aspect of an information system, including its users, from digital threats, adversaries and attacks. When it comes to the overall security of an account or a system as a whole, the combination of people and passwords have always been considered the weakest link in the chain since poorly chosen weak, leaked, reused and easy-to-remember passwords still continue to pose an insurmountable threat to the security of innumerable accounts and systems. Yet, much to the dismay of cybersecurity specialists and researchers from all over the world, password-based authentication still remains as one of the most dominant ways of verifying a user s identity, thus making our password-protected accounts, systems and devices a highly lucrative target for cybercriminals. This paper aims to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of passwords in comparison with various other techniques such as multi-factor and adaptive risk-based authentication schemes that have been adopted over the years to augment password-based authentication systems as well as discuss the recent advent of the FIDO2 authentication standard that aims to bid adieu to passwords in favor of making biometric and possession-based authentication the new norm by making them more easily accessible to developers and users alike while ensuring an optimum level of security and privacy at all times.

With people s attention to information security, the research on authentication encryption algorithm has become a very important branch of cryptography in recent years. It is widely used in data encryption, message authentication, authentication and key management. In the network of large-scale communication nodes, there are a large quantity of network nodes and a variety of devices. The traditional PKI cryptosystem has the problems of certificate management difficulty and resource waste. Based on the research of block cipher algorithm, this article discusses its application in the design of terminal identity authentication system, and designs a node two-way authentication scheme based on identity encryption. The simulation results show that the block cipher algorithm proposed in this article can get 95.82\%, accuracy, which is higher than the contrast algorithm. Authentication and encryption algorithm based on block cipher plays an important role in authentication and encryption algorithm because of its fast implementation speed of software and hardware and easy standardization. The research shows that the algorithm proposed in this article is superior to other algorithms in the application of terminal identity authentication system. It provides a new solution for related research.

Due to the existing global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is an open, without certification system, satellite receiver is vulnerable to the potential for fraud. Therefore, it is urgent to solve the security certification problem of GNSS civil signals. Aiming at the above problems, this paper proposes a navigation encryption authentication technology based on modulation Method authentication (MMA) based on UBFH-BOC signal system. The results show that the authentication scheme can effectively resist the threat of spoofing, ensure the security of navigation signal transmission, and provide a reference for the subsequent application of high security navigation signal structure.