Increasing number of online services have brought great convenience to users, and remote user authentication schemes have been widely used to verify the legitimacy of the authorized users. However, most of the existing authentication schemes are based on password, in which users need to remember the complex passwords and change them frequently. In addition, the great majority of authentication schemes have security defects. Through the analysis of the scheme proposed by Haq et al., we find that it is difficult to resist the key compromise impersonation attack. Therefore, an improved two-factor multiserver authentication scheme without password is proposed. The perfect combination of the user s biological characteristics and the PUF s physical characteristics enhances the practicality and efficiency of the solution. Security analysis of the proposed scheme shows that it can resist various known security attacks.

This work proposes a two-factor authentication method by integrating the second factor into the authentication service in system with a centralized user s database. This approach made it possible to achieve the universality of the process and reduce the authentication time. In this case, the compromise of the first factor becomes inexpedient. Simulation showed that the rest of the authentication parameters meet the requirements defined by international standards for two-factor authentication procedures.

There are three critical aspects of cyber security: authentication, safety, and secrecy. Consumers have access to a wide range of alternatives for improving the safety of passwordbased login systems. With two-factor authentication, the majority of this was done. Two-factor authentication combines singlefactor authentication processes. Two-factor authentication is becoming increasingly common and widely accepted in today’s technological age due to the growing need for privacy and security. Customized security measures are more effective and bought if they are easy to use and implement. For increased website and mobile app security, this study examines the consequences of using a three- factor authentication scheme. This post will present an app we built that might provide a good three-factor authentication approach without losing the convenience.

As an important component of security systems, the number of video surveillance systems is growing rapidly year by year. However, video surveillance systems often have many network security problems, and there is no perfect solution at present. To address these security issues, we propose a TPM-based security enhancement design for video surveillance systems. We enhance the security of the video surveillance system from the perspective of its own environmental security, video data security and device authentication, combined with the TPM module s trusted metrics, trusted authentication and key management mechanisms. We have developed and implemented a prototype video surveillance system and conducted experiments. The experimental results show that the framework we designed can greatly enhance the security of the video surveillance system while ensuring performance.

Wearables Security 2022 - Wearable devices are becoming increasingly popular since they are used in a variety of services. A variety of personal data is collected by the smartwatch. Although devices can give convenience to consumers, there are additional security threats that warn of cybersecurity risks, device penetration, and exploiting vulnerabilities. Devices are prone to attack, and hacking might reveal the acquired data. The lack of authentication and location monitoring, as well as Bluetooth issues and security holes, are all problems in these devices. Although there are security recommendations for such devices, consumers are typically unaware of the risks. The goal of this study is to provide awareness regarding cybersecurity to the common people while using the wearable device.

Visible Light Security 2022 - Visible Light Communication (VLC) is one of technology for the sixth generation (6G) wireless communication and also broadcast system. VLC systems are more resistant against Radio Frequency interference and unsusceptible to security like most RF wireless networks. Since VLC is one of suitable candidate for enforcing data security in future wireless networks. This paper considers improving the security of the next generation of wireless communications by using wireless device fingerprints in visible light communication, which could be used potentially for ATSC broadcasting applications. In particular, we aim to provide a detailed proposal for developing novel wireless security solutions using Visible light communication device fingerprinting techniques. The objectives are two-fold: (1) to provide a systematic review of AI-based wireless device fingerprint identification method and (2) to identify VLC transmitter, with respect to the ATSC physical layer modulation scheme, by analysing the differences in the modulated constellations signaled received by photo-diode, which will be proved by laboratory experimentation.

Science of Security 2022 - As a new industry integrated by computing, communication, networking, electronics, and automation technology, the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has been widely concerned and highly valued at home and abroad. With the rapid growth of the number of intelligent connected vehicles, the data security risks of the IoV have become increasingly prominent, and various attacks on data security emerge in an endless stream. This paper firstly introduces the latest progress on the data security policies, regulations, standards, technical routes in major countries and regions, and international standardization organizations. Secondly, the characteristics of the IoV data are comprehensively analyzed in terms of quantity, standard, timeliness, type, and cross-border transmission. Based on the characteristics, this paper elaborates the security risks such as privacy data disclosure, inadequate access control, lack of identity authentication, transmission design defects, cross-border flow security risks, excessive collection and abuse, source identification, and blame determination. And finally, we put forward the measures and suggestions for the security development of IoV data in China.

Quantum Computing Security 2022 - At present, the mature application of computer network and digitized information are increasingly popular, people s ability to crack encryption algorithms, and the traditional key system cannot guarantee the absolute security of the information system. This paper, on the data encryption of big data, data integrity and data disaster backup technology and quantum communication security of quantum key distribution, direct communication and quantum secret security sharing technology, proposed a quantum security computing route model based on the management condition of data authentication center. Based on the route model, this paper studies the image encryption technology of the linear model of quantum security computing from different technical perspectives to ensure the security of image information.

QR Codes 2022 - One of many challenges created by COVID-19 pandemic is to reduce need of contact. Quick Response (QR) codes offered a readily available solution to this challenge with offer to support contact less processes. Wide adaption of smart mobile devices like smart phones and tablets and huge number of mobile applications available in the respective application stores, which support QR code scanning acted as a catalyst in rapid adaption of QR codes to support contact less processes. Support of QR code-based processing rapidly increased during the pandemic, penetrated all processes like sales and marketing, authentication, and digital payments to name some. On one hand, this served the cause in terms of reducing contact, on other hand, factors like rapid adaption and using it in smart mobile devices, which are existing to cater to the larger purpose of human usage, scanning QR codes was not in that list to start with is bringing in the series of security issues which can arise starting from the human factor, software, misuse and hacking factors. This paper focuses on the QR code processes, differences in terms of security while using a smart device for QR codes when compared to the rugged devicebased barcode scanners, the kind of security issues such process can encounter while using smart devises for QR code scanning, factors that must be considered by the applications development as well as the consumers of such functionality and the way to ensure security of consumers of such functionality.

Privacy Policies and Measurement - With increased reliance of digital storage for personal, financial, medical, and policy information, a greater demand for robust digital authentication and cybersecurity protection measures results. Current security options include alpha-numeric passwords, two factor authentication, and bio-metric options such as fingerprint or facial recognition. However, all of these methods are not without their drawbacks. This projects leverages the fact that the use of physical handwritten signatures is still prevalent in society, and the thoroughly trained process and motions of handwritten signatures is unique for every individual. Thus, a writing stylus that can authenticate its user via inertial signature detection is proposed, which classifies inertial measurement features for user identification. The current prototype consists of two triaxial accelerometers, one mounted at each of the stylus’ terminal ends. Features extracted from how the pen is held, stroke styles, and writing speed can affect the stylus tip accelerations which leads to a unique signature detection and to deter forgery attacks. Novel, manual spatiotemporal features relating to such metrics were proposed and a multi-layer perceptron was utilized for binary classification. Results of a preliminary user study are promising with overall accuracy of 95.7\%, sensitivity of 100\%, and recall rate of 90\%.

Privacy Policies - Authentication, authorization, and trust verification are central parts of an access control system. The conditions for granting access in such a system are collected in access policies. Since access conditions are often complex, dedicated languages – policy languages – for defining policies are in use.

Object Oriented Security - Service-oriented architecture (SOA) is a widely adopted architecture that uses web services, which have become increasingly important in the development and integration of applications. Its purpose is to allow information system technologies to interact by exchanging messages between sender and recipient using the simple object access protocol (SOAP), an XML document, or the HTTP protocol.

Network Control Systems Security - Machine tool is known as the mother of industry. CNC machine tool is the embodiment of modern automatic control productivity. In the context of the rapid development of the industrial Internet, a large number of equipment and systems are interconnected through the industrial Internet, realizing the flexible adaptation from the supply side to the demand side. As the a typical core system of industrial Internet, CNC system is facing the threat of industrial virus and network attack. The problem of information security is becoming more and more prominent. This paper analyzes the security risks of the existing CNC system from the aspects of terminal security, data security and network security. By comprehensively using the technologies of data encryption, identity authentication, digital signature, access control, secure communication and key management, this paper puts forward a targeted security protection and management scheme, which effectively strengthens the overall security protection ability.

Network on Chip Security - Without secure wrappers, it is impossible to protect the integrity of embedded IP cores for NoC-based SoC. This paper describes an IEEE 1500 compatible secure test wrapper NoC based on low-cost PUF circuit. The original key generated by LFSR is encrypted into a stream cipher by the PUF module, and the input key string should be equal to this cryptograph unless the wrapper is locked, which provides effective on-line authentication.

Network Coding - Network Coding (NC) enabled cellular networks can be penetrated by faulty packets that deviates the target nodes from decoding packets received. Even a little amount of pollution can be very quickly spread to remaining packets because of the resource exploitation at intermediary nodes. Numerous methods for protecting against data pollution attacks have been developed in the last few years. Another popular alternative is the Homomorphic Message Authentication Code (HMAC). Hackers can target HMAC by tampering with the end-of-packet tags, known as tag pollution assaults, in order to evade detection. To prevent data pollution and tag pollution assaults, a HMAC-based method can be used using two separate MAC tags. In the 5G wireless communication, small cells and collaborative networks have been extensively investigated. The use of network coding in wireless networks can increase throughput while consuming less power. Strong integrity procedures are essential for a coding environment to combat threats like pollution assaults and take full advantage of network coding. Latency and computation overhead can be reduced while maintaining security by modifying and optimising the existing integrity algorithms. This research focuses on analysing security threats in NC enabled small cells.

Multifactor Authentication - Internet connected Children s toys are a type of IoT devices that the security community should pay particular attention. A cyber-predator may interact with or gather confidential data about children without being physically present if IoT toys are hacked. Authentication to verify user identity is essential for all internetconnected applications, where relying on single authentication is not considered safe, especially in children s applications. Children often use easy-to-guess passwords in smart applications associated with the Internet of Things (IoT) for children s toys. In this paper, we propose to activate multi-factor authentication on the IoTs for children s toys connected to the internet using companion applications. When changing the user s behaviour (by IP address, GPS, OS version, and browser), the child s identity must be verified by two-factor authentication to prevent unauthorized access to preserve the child s safety and privacy. This paper introduces multi-authentication mechanisms: a password and another authentication type, either mobile phone SMS, security token, digital certificate, or biometric authentication.

Multifactor Authentication - The article describes the development and integrated implementation of software modules of photo and video identification system, the system of user voice recognition by 12 parameters, neural network weights, Euclidean distance comparison of real numbers of arrays. The user s biometric data is encrypted and stored in the target folder. Based on the generated data set was developed and proposed a method for synthesizing the parameters of the mathematical model of convolutional neural network represented in the form of an array of real numbers, which are unique identifiers of the user of a personal computer. The training of the training model of multifactor authentication is implemented using categorical cross-entropy. The training sample is generated by adding distorted images by changing the receptive fields of the convolutional neural network. The authors have studied and applied features of simulation modeling of user authorization systems. The main goal of the study is to provide the necessary level of security of user accounts of personal devices. The task of this study is the software implementation of the synthesis of the mathematical model and the training neural network, necessary to provide the maximum level of protection of the user operating system of the device. The result of the research is the developed mathematical model of the software complex of multifactor authentication using biometric technologies, available for users of personal computers and automated workplaces of enterprises.

Multifactor Authentication - Cyber-physical Systems can be defined as a complex networked control system, which normally develop by combining several physical components with the cyber space. Cyber Physical System are already a part of our daily life. As its already being a part of everyone life, CPS also have great potential security threats and can be vulnerable to various cyber-attacks without showing any sign directly to component failure. To protect user security and privacy is a fundamental concern of any kind of system; either it’s a simple web application or supplicated professional system. Digital Multifactor authentication is one of the best ways to make secure authentication. It covers many different areas of a Cyberconnected world, including online payments, communications, access right management, etc. Most of the time, Multifactor authentication is little complex as it requires extra step from users. This paper will discuss the evolution from single authentication to Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) starting from Single-Factor Authentication (SFA) and through Two-Factor Authentication (2FA). This paper seeks to analyze and evaluate the most prominent authentication techniques based on accuracy, cost, and feasibility of implementation. We also suggest several authentication schemes which incorporate with Multifactor authentication for CPS.

Multifactor Authentication - Authentication is one of the primary problems with system security. The key component of the access control process to prevent unauthorised users from accessing data and resources is authentication, which may be described as the act of verifying a user s identity. The validity of the user cannot be guaranteed by a static technique of authentication. This led to the development of more cutting-edge authentication techniques. To increase the system s security, two factor authentication was initially deployed, followed by multi factor authentication. Later, adaptive authentication was added and it also had some problems. When authenticating a user in this study, an unique collection of user features was taken into account. A performance optimization technique was included since this research takes many user factors into account, and it improved performance by 25\%.

Multifactor Authentication - Authentication is a mandatory factor in network security since decades. Conventional authentication schemes failed to improve system’s security, performance and scalability thus, two-factor, three factor and multifactor authentication schemes are developed. As technology grows, from single server authentication to multiserver authentication schemes and protocols are emerged. Single to multifactor authentication can be used as per the aspect and field of study. Different aspects may use different cryptographic schemes, key agreement to improve security, performance and scalability.

Multifactor Authentication - Cloud computing is a breakthrough advancement that provides ubiquitous services over the internet in an easy way to distribute information offering various advantages to both society and individuals. Recently, cloud technology has eased everyone’s life more favorable. However, privacy-preservation is an important issue to be tackled effectively in cloud environment while retrieving data services. Numerous techniques have been developed so far to verify user identity by exploiting authentication factor, whereas such techniques are inefficient and they are easily susceptible to unknown users and attacks. In order to address such problems, a multifactor authentication scheme is proposed using Hashing, Chebyshev polynomial, Key and OneTime Token (HCK-OTT) based multifactor authentication scheme for privacy-preserved data security in cloud. The entities involved in this proposed approach for effective authentication are user, cloud server, and data owner. The model is developed by considering various functionalities, such as encryption, Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), XOR, and hashing function. The proposed HCK-OTT-based multifactor authentication scheme has achieved a minimum value of 22.654s for computational time, 70.5MB for memory usage, and 21.543s for communication cost with 64 bit key length.

Multifactor Authentication - Dhillon and Kalra proposed a multi-factor user authentication scheme for IoT. The authors claim their scheme to have practical utility for the IoT environment. However, we find that their scheme has numerous flaws such as insider attack and inefficient authentication. An adversary can work as a middle-man between the sensor node and the user, and the user can set-up a session key with the sensor node. Besides, the scheme does not establish the mutual authentication between every pair of entities. Thus, the scheme is inconvenient for practical use. We conclude this article by providing some suggestions for the improvement of the analysed scheme to remove the weaknesses identified in it.

Multifactor Authentication - With the growth of the number in smart devices based on IoT, keeping a secure data processing among them has become even more significant in cloud computing. However, a high security is needed to protect the huge amount of data privacy. In this regard, many authentication approaches are presented in IoT-Cloud-based Architecture. However, computation, latency, and security strength are major issues to provide authentication for users. We propose the Multifactor Scalable Lightweight Cryptography for IoTCloud to enhance security to protect the user or organization s information. The non-sensitive and sensitive data are generated from IoT devices and stored in our proposed hybrid public and private cloud after the encryptions. Hence, encryptions for public cloud and private cloud data are done by Digital Signature Algorithm and Policy based Attribute encryption algorithm with Moth fly optimization. This optimization is chosen as the key parameter efficiently. The three multifactors are then used to perform the three levels of authentication by Trust based Authentication Scheme. Following this, the proposed multifactor authentication is simulated and compared with existing approaches to analyze the performance in terms of computational and execution time and security strength. As a result, the proposed method is shown 97\% of security strength and minimum computation and execution time than other conventional approaches.

Multifactor Authentication - Internet of Things (IoT) has become an information bridge between societies. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are one of the emergent technologies that work as the main force in IoT. Applications based on WSN include environment monitoring, smart healthcare, user legitimacy authentication, and data security. Recently, many multifactor user authentication schemes for WSNs have been proposed using smart cards, passwords, as well as biometric features. Unfortunately, these schemes are shown to be susceptible towards several attacks and these includes password guessing attack, impersonation attack, and Man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack due to non-uniform security evaluation criteria. In this paper, we propose a lightweight multifactor authentication scheme using only hash function of the timestamp (TS) and One Time Password (OTP). Furthermore, public key and private key is incorporated to secure the communication channel. The security analysis shows that the proposed scheme satisfies all the security requirement and insusceptible towards some wellknown attack (password guessing attack, impersonation attack and MITM).

Multifactor Authentication - Today, with the rapid development of the information society and the increasingly complex computer network environment, multi-factor authentication, as one of the security protection technologies, plays an important role in both IT science and business. How to safely complete multi-factor authentication without affecting user experience has attracted extensive attention from researchers in the field of business security protection and network security. The purpose of this paper is to apply multi-factor authentication technology to enterprise security protection systems, develop and design a security protection technology based on multi-factor authentication dynamic authorization, and provide enterprises with unified identity management and authority management methods. The cornerstone of trust and security to ensure uninterrupted and stable operation of users. The original master key k is subjected to secondary multi-factor processing, which enhances the user s authentication ability and effectively avoids the risk of easy password theft and disguised identity. In order to meet the given VoIP security requirements, a SIP multi-factor authentication protocol is proposed for the VoIP environment by using the multi-factor authentication technology to solve the security problem. The performance test results show that due to the influence of data encryption and decryption, the response time of the encrypted database is 100s longer than that of the unencrypted one, but the growth rate is 10\% smaller than that of the unencrypted one. Therefore, the performance of this scheme is better when the amount of data is larger.