Network on Chip Security - This paper designs a network security protection system based on artificial intelligence technology from two aspects of hardware and software. The system can simultaneously collect Internet public data and secret-related data inside the unit, and encrypt it through the TCM chip solidified in the hardware to ensure that only designated machines can read secret-related materials. The data edgecloud collaborative acquisition architecture based on chip encryption can realize the cross-network transmission of confidential data. At the same time, this paper proposes an edge-cloud collaborative information security protection method for industrial control systems by combining endaddress hopping and load balancing algorithms. Finally, using WinCC, Unity3D, MySQL and other development environments comprehensively, the feasibility and effectiveness of the system are verified by experiments.

Network on Chip Security - IoT technology is finding new applications every day and everywhere in our daily lives. With that, come new use cases with new challenges in terms of device and data security. One of such challenges arises from the fact that many IoT devices/nodes are no longer being deployed on owners’ premises, but rather on public or private property other than the owner’s. With potential physical access to the IoT node, adversaries can launch many attacks that circumvent conventional protection methods. In this paper, we propose Secure SoC (SecSoC), a secure system-on-chip architecture that mitigates such attacks. This include logical memory dump attacks, bus snooping attacks, and compromised operating systems. SecSoC relies on two main mechanisms, (1) providing security extensions to the compute engine that runs the user application without changing its instruction set, (2) adding a security management unit (SMU) that provide HW security primitives for encryption, hashing, random number generators, and secrets store (keys, certificates, etc.). SecSoC ensures that no secret or sensitive data can leave the SoC IC in plaintext. SecSoC is being implemented in Bluespec SystemVerilog. The experimental results will reveal the area, power, and cycle time overhead of these security extensions. Overall performance (total execution time) will also be evaluated using IoT benchmarks.

Network Coding - This paper proposes a hybrid encryption scheme for multi-relay (MR) physical-layer network coding (PNC). Based on the three-relay (3R) bidirectional communication model, first, we discuss the throughput performance of the PNC compared with the traditional scheme (TS) and network coding (NC) system. Through the analysis of transmission efficiency, the superior throughput of the PNC system is demonstrated. Then, to further improve the security of the communication system, we give a scheme of advanced encryption standard (AES) and RivestShamir-Adleman (RSA) hybrid encryption, namely AR hybrid encryption. Finally, we embed the AR hybrid encryption into the multi-relay PNC communication system. At relay nodes of the ARPNC system, we focus on solving the problem of signal mapping. In the meantime, to reduce the performance loss caused by the increase of relay nodes, we exploit Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) code to enhance the decoding accuracy. The experimental results and security analysis show that the proposed scheme can boost the system throughput and transmission dependability and stronger the security of the communication system.

Multifactor Authentication - Cloud computing is a breakthrough advancement that provides ubiquitous services over the internet in an easy way to distribute information offering various advantages to both society and individuals. Recently, cloud technology has eased everyone’s life more favorable. However, privacy-preservation is an important issue to be tackled effectively in cloud environment while retrieving data services. Numerous techniques have been developed so far to verify user identity by exploiting authentication factor, whereas such techniques are inefficient and they are easily susceptible to unknown users and attacks. In order to address such problems, a multifactor authentication scheme is proposed using Hashing, Chebyshev polynomial, Key and OneTime Token (HCK-OTT) based multifactor authentication scheme for privacy-preserved data security in cloud. The entities involved in this proposed approach for effective authentication are user, cloud server, and data owner. The model is developed by considering various functionalities, such as encryption, Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), XOR, and hashing function. The proposed HCK-OTT-based multifactor authentication scheme has achieved a minimum value of 22.654s for computational time, 70.5MB for memory usage, and 21.543s for communication cost with 64 bit key length.

Multifactor Authentication - With the growth of the number in smart devices based on IoT, keeping a secure data processing among them has become even more significant in cloud computing. However, a high security is needed to protect the huge amount of data privacy. In this regard, many authentication approaches are presented in IoT-Cloud-based Architecture. However, computation, latency, and security strength are major issues to provide authentication for users. We propose the Multifactor Scalable Lightweight Cryptography for IoTCloud to enhance security to protect the user or organization s information. The non-sensitive and sensitive data are generated from IoT devices and stored in our proposed hybrid public and private cloud after the encryptions. Hence, encryptions for public cloud and private cloud data are done by Digital Signature Algorithm and Policy based Attribute encryption algorithm with Moth fly optimization. This optimization is chosen as the key parameter efficiently. The three multifactors are then used to perform the three levels of authentication by Trust based Authentication Scheme. Following this, the proposed multifactor authentication is simulated and compared with existing approaches to analyze the performance in terms of computational and execution time and security strength. As a result, the proposed method is shown 97\% of security strength and minimum computation and execution time than other conventional approaches.

Multifactor Authentication - Today, with the rapid development of the information society and the increasingly complex computer network environment, multi-factor authentication, as one of the security protection technologies, plays an important role in both IT science and business. How to safely complete multi-factor authentication without affecting user experience has attracted extensive attention from researchers in the field of business security protection and network security. The purpose of this paper is to apply multi-factor authentication technology to enterprise security protection systems, develop and design a security protection technology based on multi-factor authentication dynamic authorization, and provide enterprises with unified identity management and authority management methods. The cornerstone of trust and security to ensure uninterrupted and stable operation of users. The original master key k is subjected to secondary multi-factor processing, which enhances the user s authentication ability and effectively avoids the risk of easy password theft and disguised identity. In order to meet the given VoIP security requirements, a SIP multi-factor authentication protocol is proposed for the VoIP environment by using the multi-factor authentication technology to solve the security problem. The performance test results show that due to the influence of data encryption and decryption, the response time of the encrypted database is 100s longer than that of the unencrypted one, but the growth rate is 10\% smaller than that of the unencrypted one. Therefore, the performance of this scheme is better when the amount of data is larger.

MANET Security - Recently, the mobile ad hoc network (MANET) has enjoyed a great reputation thanks to its advantages such as: high performance, no expensive infrastructure to install, use of unlicensed frequency spectrum, and fast distribution of information around the transmitter. But the topology of MANETs attracts the attention of several attacks. Although authentication and encryption techniques can provide some protection, especially by minimizing the number of intrusions, such cryptographic techniques do not work effectively in the case of unseen or unknown attacks. In this case, the machine learning approach is successful to detect unfamiliar intrusive behavior. Security methodologies in MANETs mainly focus on eliminating malicious attacks, misbehaving nodes, and providing secure routing.

Microelectronics Security - The need for safe large data storage services is at an all-time high and confidentiality is a fundamental need of any service. Consideration must also be given to service customer anonymity, one of the most important privacy considerations. As a result, the service should offer realistic and fine-grained [11] encrypted data sharing, which allows a data owner to share a cipher text of data with others under certain situations. In order to accomplish the aforesaid characteristics, our system offers a novel privacy- preserving cipher text multi-sharing technique. In this way, proxy re-encryption and anonymity are combined to allow many receivers to safely and conditionally receive a cipher text while maintaining the confidentiality of the underlying message and the identities of the senders and recipients. In this paper, a logical cloud security scheme is introduced called Modified Data Cipher Policies (MDCP), in which it is a new primitive also protects against known cipher text attacks, as demonstrated by the system.

Microelectronics Security - In recent years, information and communication systems have experienced serious security issues due to the rising popularity of image-sharing platforms and the ubiquity of numerous smart electronic devices. The increased volume of data generated by the medical and clinical communities necessitates the use of such advanced platforms for data exchange. As a result, the implementation of improved procedures and resources in terms of storage and security is essential. This research proposes a novel medical image encryption method based on chaos sequence and the modified Twofish algorithm. A quick and more efficient algorithm than current methods is built using chaos-based image encryption methods. The modified algorithm can be applied for hardware applications.

MANET Attack Detection - Recently, the mobile ad hoc network (MANET) has enjoyed a great reputation thanks to its advantages such as: high performance, no expensive infrastructure to install, use of unlicensed frequency spectrum, and fast distribution of information around the transmitter. But the topology of MANETs attracts the attention of several attacks. Although authentication and encryption techniques can provide some protection, especially by minimizing the number of intrusions, such cryptographic techniques do not work effectively in the case of unseen or unknown attacks. In this case, the machine learning approach is successful to detect unfamiliar intrusive behavior. Security methodologies in MANETs mainly focus on eliminating malicious attacks, misbehaving nodes, and providing secure routing. In this paper we present to most recent works that propose or apply the concept of Machine Learning (ML) to secure the MANET environment.

MANET Attack Detection - The MANET architecture's future growth will make extensive use of encryption and encryption to keep network participants safe. Using a digital signature node id, we illustrate how we may stimulate the safe growth of subjective clusters while simultaneously addressing security and energy efficiency concerns. The dynamic topology of MANET allows nodes to join and exit at any time. A form of attack known as a black hole assault was used to accomplish this. To demonstrate that he had the shortest path with the least amount of energy consumption, an attacker in MATLAB R2012a used a digital signature ID to authenticate the node from which he wished to intercept messages (DSEP). “Digital Signature”, “MANET,” and “AODV” are all terms used to describe various types of digital signatures. Black Hole Attack, Single Black Hole Attack, Digital Signature, and DSEP are just a few of the many terms associated with MANET.

MANET Attack Prevention - The MANET architecture's future growth will make extensive use of encryption and encryption to keep network participants safe. Using a digital signature node id, we illustrate how we may stimulate the safe growth of subjective clusters while simultaneously addressing security and energy efficiency concerns. The dynamic topology of MANET allows nodes to join and exit at any time. A form of attack known as a black hole assault was used to accomplish this. To demonstrate that he had the shortest path with the least amount of energy consumption, an attacker in MATLAB R2012a used a digital signature ID to authenticate the node from which he wished to intercept messages (DSEP). “Digital Signature”, “MANET,” and “AODV” are all terms used to describe various types of digital signatures. Black Hole Attack, Single Black Hole Attack, Digital Signature, and DSEP are just a few of the many terms associated with MANET.

Malware Analysis and Graph Theory - The Internet of things (IoT) is proving to be a boon in granting internet access to regularly used objects and devices. Sensors, programs, and other innovations interact and trade information with different gadgets and frameworks over the web. Even in modern times, IoT gadgets experience the ill effects of primary security threats, which expose them to many dangers and malware, one among them being IoT botnets. Botnets carry out attacks by serving as a vector and this has become one of the significant dangers on the Internet. These vectors act against associations and carry out cybercrimes. They are used to produce spam, DDOS attacks, click frauds, and steal confidential data. IoT gadgets bring various challenges unlike the common malware on PCs and Android devices as IoT gadgets have heterogeneous processor architecture. Numerous researches use static or dynamic analysis for detection and classification of botnets on IoT gadgets. Most researchers haven t addressed the multi-architecture issue and they use a lot of computing resources for analyzing. Therefore, this approach attempts to classify botnets in IoT by using PSI-Graphs which effectively addresses the problem of encryption in IoT botnet detection, tackles the multi-architecture problem, and reduces computation time. It proposes another methodology for describing and recognizing botnets utilizing graph-based Machine Learning techniques and Exploratory Data Analysis to analyze the data and identify how separable the data is to recognize bots at an earlier stage so that IoT devices can be prevented from being attacked.

Internet-scale Computing Security - Wireless Sensor networks can be composed of smart buildings, smart homes, smart grids, and smart mobility, and they can even interconnect all these fields into a large-scale smart city network. Software-Defined Networking is an ideal technology to realize Internet-of-Things (IoT) Network and WSN network requirements and to efficiently enhance the security of these networks. Software defines Networking (SDN) is used to support IoT and WSN related networking elements, additional security concerns rise, due to the elevated vulnerability of such deployments to specific types of attacks and the necessity of inter-cloud communication any IoT application would require. This work is a study of different security mechanisms available in SDN for IoT and WSN network secure communication. This work also formulates the problems when existing methods are implemented with different networks parameters.

Internet-scale Computing Security - Cloud computing provides customers with enormous compute power and storage capacity, allowing them to deploy their computation and data-intensive applications without having to invest in infrastructure. Many firms use cloud computing as a means of relocating and maintaining resources outside of their enterprise, regardless of the cloud server s location. However, preserving the data in cloud leads to a number of issues related to data loss, accountability, security etc. Such fears become a great barrier to the adoption of the cloud services by users. Cloud computing offers a high scale storage facility for internet users with reference to the cost based on the usage of facilities provided. Privacy protection of a user s data is considered as a challenge as the internal operations offered by the service providers cannot be accessed by the users. Hence, it becomes necessary for monitoring the usage of the client s data in cloud. In this research, we suggest an effective cloud storage solution for accessing patient medical records across hospitals in different countries while maintaining data security and integrity. In the suggested system, multifactor authentication for user login to the cloud, homomorphic encryption for data storage with integrity verification, and integrity verification have all been implemented effectively. To illustrate the efficacy of the proposed strategy, an experimental investigation was conducted.

Intellectual Property Security - In order to meet the needs of intellectual property protection and controlled sharing of scientific research sensitive data, a mechanism is proposed for security protection throughout “transfer, store and use” process of sensitive data which based on blockchain. This blockchain bottom layer security is reinforced. First, the encryption algorithm used is replaced by the national secret algorithm and the smart contract is encapsulated as API at the gateway level. Signature validation is performed when the API is used to prevent illegal access. Then the whole process of data up-chain, storage and down-chain is encrypted, and a mechanism of data structure query and data query condition construction based on blockchain smart is provided to ensure that the data is “usable and invisible”. Finally, data access control is ensured through role-based and hierarchical protection, and the blockchain base developed has good extensibility, which can meet the requirement of sensitive data security protection in scientific research filed and has broad application prospects.

Insider Threat - Web services are growing demand with fundamental advancements and have given more space to researchers for improving security of all real world applications. Accessing and get authenticated in many applications on web services, user discloses their password and other privacy data to the server for authentication purposes. These shared information should be maintained by the server with high security, otherwise it can be used for illegal purposes for any authentication breach. Protecting the applications from various attacks is more important. Comparing the security threats, insider attacks are most challenging to identify due to the fact that they use the authentication of legitimate users and their privileges to access the application and may cause serious threat to the application. Insider attacks has been studied in previous researchers with different security measures, however there is no much strong work proposed. Various security protocols were proposed for defending insider attackers. The proposed work focused on insider attack protection through Elgamal cryptography technique. The proposed work is much effective on insider attacks and also defends against various attacks. The proposed protocol is better than existing works. The key computation cost and communication cost is relatively low in this proposed work. The proposed work authenticates the application by parallel process of two way authentication mechanism through Elgamal algorithm.

Information Centric Networks - Named Data Networking (NDN) has been viewed as a promising future Internet architecture. It requires a new access control scheme to prevent the injection of unauthorized data request. In this paper, an access control supported by information service entity (ACISE) is proposed for NDN networks. A trust entity, named the information service entity (ISE), is deployed in each domain for the registration of the consumer and the edge router. The identity-based cryptography (IBC) is used to generate a private key for the authorized consumer at the ISE and to calculate a signature encapsulated in the Interest packet at the consumer. Therefore, the edge router could support the access control by the signature verification of the Interest packets so that no Interest packet from unauthorized consumer could be forwarded or replied. Moreover, shared keys are negotiated between authorized consumers and their edge routers. The subsequent Interest packets would be verified by the message authentication code (MAC) instead of the signature. The simulation results have shown that the ACISE scheme would achieve a similar response delay to the original NDN scheme when the NDN is under no attacks. However, the ACISE scheme is immune to the cache pollution attacks so that it could maintain a much smaller response delay compared to the other schemes when the NDN network is under the attacks.

Information Forensics - WhatsApp is one of the rare applications that has managed to become one of the most popular instant messaging applications all over the world. While inherently designed for simple and fast communication, privacy features such as end-to-end encryption have made confidential communication easy for criminals aiming to commit illegal acts. However, as it meets many daily communication and communication needs, it has a great potential to be digital evidence in interpersonal disputes. In this study, in parallel with the potential of WhatsApp application to contain digital evidence, the abuse of this situation and the manipulation method of multimedia files, which may cause wrong decisions by the judicial authorities, are discussed. The dangerous side of this method, which makes the analysis difficult, is that it can be applied by anyone without the need for high-level root authority or any other application on these devices. In addition, it is difficult to detect as no changes can be made in the database during the analysis phase. In this study, a controlled experimental environment was prepared on the example scenario, the manipulation was carried out and the prepared system analysis was included. The results obtained showed that the evidence at the forensic analysis stage is open to misinterpretation.

Industrial Control Systems - Machine tool is known as the mother of industry. CNC machine tool is the embodiment of modern automatic control productivity. In the context of the rapid development of the industrial Internet, a large number of equipment and systems are interconnected through the industrial Internet, realizing the flexible adaptation from the supply side to the demand side. As the a typical core system of industrial Internet, CNC system is facing the threat of industrial virus and network attack. The problem of information security is becoming more and more prominent. This paper analyzes the security risks of the existing CNC system from the aspects of terminal security, data security and network security. By comprehensively using the technologies of data encryption, identity authentication, digital signature, access control, secure communication and key management, this paper puts forward a targeted security protection and management scheme, which effectively strengthens the overall security protection ability.

Industrial Control Systems - The fourth industrial revolution has led to the rapid development of industrial control systems. While the large number of industrial system devices connected to the Internet provides convenience for production management, it also exposes industrial control systems to more attack surfaces. Under the influence of multiple attack surfaces, sensitive data leakage has a more serious and time-spanning negative impact on industrial production systems. How to quickly locate the source of information leakage plays a crucial role in reducing the loss from the attack, so there are new requirements for tracing sensitive data in industrial control information systems. In this paper, we propose a digital watermarking traceability scheme for sensitive data in industrial control systems to address the above problems. In this scheme, we enhance the granularity of traceability by classifying sensitive data types of industrial control systems into text, image and video data with differentiated processing, and achieve accurate positioning of data sources by combining technologies such as national secret asymmetric encryption and hash message authentication codes, and mitigate the impact of mainstream watermarking technologies such as obfuscation attacks and copy attacks on sensitive data. It also mitigates the attacks against the watermarking traceability such as obfuscation attacks and copy attacks. At the same time, this scheme designs a data flow watermark monitoring module on the post-node of the data source to monitor the unauthorized sensitive data access behavior caused by other attacks.

In order to meet the needs of intellectual property protection and controlled sharing of scientific research sensitive data, a mechanism is proposed for security protection throughout “transfer, store and use” process of sensitive data which based on blockchain. This blockchain bottom layer security is reinforced. First, the encryption algorithm used is replaced by the national secret algorithm and the smart contract is encapsulated as API at the gateway level. Signature validation is performed when the API is used to prevent illegal access. Then the whole process of data up-chain, storage and down-chain is encrypted, and a mechanism of data structure query and data query condition construction based on blockchain smart is provided to ensure that the data is “usable and invisible”. Finally, data access control is ensured through role-based and hierarchical protection, and the blockchain base developed has good extensibility, which can meet the requirement of sensitive data security protection in scientific research filed and has broad application prospects.

The Internet of things (IoT) is proving to be a boon in granting internet access to regularly used objects and devices. Sensors, programs, and other innovations interact and trade information with different gadgets and frameworks over the web. Even in modern times, IoT gadgets experience the ill effects of primary security threats, which expose them to many dangers and malware, one among them being IoT botnets. Botnets carry out attacks by serving as a vector and this has become one of the significant dangers on the Internet. These vectors act against associations and carry out cybercrimes. They are used to produce spam, DDOS attacks, click frauds, and steal confidential data. IoT gadgets bring various challenges unlike the common malware on PCs and Android devices as IoT gadgets have heterogeneous processor architecture. Numerous researches use static or dynamic analysis for detection and classification of botnets on IoT gadgets. Most researchers haven t addressed the multi-architecture issue and they use a lot of computing resources for analyzing. Therefore, this approach attempts to classify botnets in IoT by using PSI-Graphs which effectively addresses the problem of encryption in IoT botnet detection, tackles the multi-architecture problem, and reduces computation time. It proposes another methodology for describing and recognizing botnets utilizing graph-based Machine Learning techniques and Exploratory Data Analysis to analyze the data and identify how separable the data is to recognize bots at an earlier stage so that IoT devices can be prevented from being attacked.

Several excellent devices can communicate without the need for human intervention. It is one of the fastest-growing sectors in the history of computing, with an estimated 50 billion devices sold by the end of 2020. On the one hand, IoT developments play a crucial role in upgrading a few simple, intelligent applications that can increase living quality. On the other hand, the security concerns have been noted to the cross-cutting idea of frameworks and the multidisciplinary components connected with their organization. As a result, encryption, validation, access control, network security, and application security initiatives for gadgets and their inherent flaws cannot be implemented. It should upgrade existing security measures to ensure that the ML environment is sufficiently protected. Machine learning (ML) has advanced tremendously in the last few years. Machine insight has evolved from a research center curiosity to a sensible instrument in a few critical applications.

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) have attracted lots of concerns with its widespread use. In MANETs, wireless nodes usually self-organize into groups to complete collaborative tasks and communicate with one another via public channels which are vulnerable to attacks. Group key management is generally employed to guarantee secure group communication in MANETs. However, most existing group key management schemes for MANETs still suffer from some issues, e.g., receiver restriction, relying on a trusted dealer and heavy certificates overheads. To address these issues, we propose a group key management scheme for MANETs based on an identity-based authenticated dynamic contributory broadcast encryption (IBADConBE) protocol which builds on an earlier work. Our scheme abandons the certificate management and does not need a trusted dealer to distribute a secret key to each node. A set of wireless nodes are allowed to negotiate the secret keys in one round while forming a group. Besides, our scheme is receiver-unrestricted which means any sender can flexibly opt for any favorable nodes of a group as the receivers. Further, our scheme satisfies the authentication, confidentiality of messages, known-security, forward security and backward security concurrently. Performance evaluation shows our scheme is efficient.