Encryption defined as change information process (which called plaintext) into an unreadable secret format (which called ciphertext). This ciphertext could not be easily understood by somebody except authorized parson. Decryption is the process to converting ciphertext back into plaintext. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) based information ciphering techniques recently used in large number of encryption algorithms. DNA used as data carrier and the modern biological technology is used as implementation tool. New encryption algorithm based on DNA is proposed in this paper. The suggested approach consists of three steps (conventional, stream cipher and DNA) to get high security levels. The character was replaced by shifting depend character location in conventional step, convert to ASCII and AddRoundKey was used in stream cipher step. The result from second step converted to DNA then applying AddRoundKey with DNA key. The evaluation performance results proved that the proposed algorithm cipher the important data with high security levels.

Securing communication and information is known as cryptography. To convert messages from plain text to cipher text and the other way around. It is the process of protecting the data and sending it to the right audience so they can understand and process it. Hence, unauthorized access is avoided. This work suggests leveraging DNA technology for encrypt and decrypt the data. The main aim of utilizing the AES in this stage will transform ASCII code to hexadecimal to binary coded form and generate DNA. The message is encrypted with a random key. Shared key used for encrypt and decrypt the data. The encrypted data will be disguised as an image using steganography. To protect our data from hijackers, assailants, and muggers, it is frequently employed in institutions, banking, etc.

The problem of information privacy has grown more significant in terms of data storage and communication in the 21st century due to the technological explosion during which information has become a highly important strategic resource. The idea of employing DNA cryptography has been highlighted as a potential technology that offers fresh hope for unbreakable algorithms since standard cryptosystems are becoming susceptible to assaults. Due to biological DNA s outstanding energy efficiency, enormous storage capacity, and extensive parallelism, a new branch of cryptography based on DNA computing is developing. There is still more study to be done since this discipline is still in its infancy. This work proposes a DNA encryption strategy based on cryptographic key generation techniques and chaotic diffusion operation.

Cryptography and steganography is a method to secure private data. Those methods can also be combined for a more robust data security method. In this paper, we proposed a combination of cryptography and steganography methods that exploit some properties of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) for securing private data. The proposed work aims to enhance a POST-quantum DNA cryptography method by combining it with the steganography method. There are two parts to the proposed method; the first one is to encrypt private messages using a Kyber-DNA cryptography method. The second one is to embed encrypted private messages into a DNA sequence. The proposed method was then compared to another similar method RSA-DNA, El Gamal-DNA, and ECC-DNA. The proposed method is also compared with a similar POST-quantum method, that is NTRU-DNA. All those methods are compared in embedding speed test and extracting speed test. From those tests, it can be concluded that the proposed method has performance slightly lower than El Gamal-DNA and ECC-DNA but faster than RSA-DNA and NTRU-DNA

In this paper will be described a new security protocol for secret sharing and hiding, which use selected personal features. Such technique allows to create human-oriented personalized security protocols dedicated for particular users. Proposed method may be applied in dispersed computing systems, where secret data should be divided into particular number of parts.

A hybrid cryptosystem is developed in the paper “Hybrid Data Encryption and Decryption Using Hybrid RSA and DNA” by combining the advantages of asymmetric-key (public-key) and symmetric-key (private-key) cryptosystems. These two types of cryptosystems use a variety of key types. The approach addresses worries about the users right to privacy, authentication, and accuracy by using a data encryption procedure that is secure both ways. Data encoding and data decryption are two separate security techniques used by the system. It has been suggested that a hybrid encryption algorithm be used for file encryption to handle the issues with efficiency and security. RSA and DNA are combined in this method. The outcome so the tests show that the RSA and DNA hybrid encryption algorithms are suitable for use. In this particular study effort, the hybrid encryption and decoding for cloud processing with IOT devices used the DNA and RSA algorithms.

Information exchange occurs all the time in today’s internet era. Some of the data are public, and some are private. Asymmetric cryptography plays a critical role in securing private data transfer. However, technological advances caused private data at risk due to the presence of quantum computers. Therefore, we need a new method for securing private data. This paper proposes combining DNA cryptography methods based on the NTRU cryptosystem to enhance security data confidentiality. This method is compared with conventional public key cryptography methods. The comparison shows that the proposed method has a slow encryption and decryption time compared to other methods except for RSA. However, the key generation time of the proposed method is much faster than other methods tested except for ECC. The proposed method is superior in key generation time and considerably different from other tested methods. Meanwhile, the encryption and decryption time is slower than other methods besides RSA. The test results can get different results based on the programming language used.

E-health, smart health and telemedicine are examples of sophisticated healthcare systems. For end-to-end communication, these systems rely on digital medical information. Although this digitizing saves much time, it is open source. As a result, hackers could potentially manipulate the digital medical image as it is being transmitted. It is harder to diagnose an actual disease from a modified digital medical image in medical diagnostics. As a result, ensuring the security and confidentiality of clinical images, as well as reducing the computing time of encryption algorithms, appear to be critical problems for research groups. Conventional approaches are insufficient to ensure high-level medical image security. So this review paper focuses on depicting advanced methods like DNA cryptography and Chaotic Map as advanced techniques that could potentially help in encrypting the digital image at an effective level. This review acknowledges the key accomplishments expressed in the encrypting measures and their success indicators of qualitative and quantitative measurement. This research study also explores the key findings and reasons for finding the lessons learned as a roadmap for impending findings.

Counterfeited products are a significant problem in both developed and developing countries and has become more critical as an aftermath of COVID-19, exclusively for drugs and medical equipment’s. In this paper, an innovative approach is proposed to resist counterfeiting which is based on the principles of Synthetic DNA. The proposed encryption approach has employed the distinctive features of synthetic DNA in amalgamation with DNA encryption to provide information security and functions as an anticounterfeiting method that ensures usability. The scheme’s security analysis and proof of concept are detailed. Scyther is used to carry out the formal analysis of the scheme, and all of the modeled assertions are verified without any attacks.

The rate of development in today s IT industry is unprecedented. Information is being stored and transformed at a faster and faster rate. Therefore, the importance of protecting sensitive data is growing. Everyone is concerned about preventing hackers from gaining access to their personal data. Several algorithms from the fields of classical cryptography and steganography can be used to conceal data. DNA cryptography is an emerging field that aims to protect information kept in DNA. DNA cryptography takes use of DNA s innate computing power at the molecular level. In this paper, we are exploring diverse cryptographic algorithms and methods that are used to secure the stored data in DNA. The paper represents the critical review that includes merits and demerits of the diverse cryptographic algorithms for securing the data in DNA.

E-health, smart health and telemedicine are examples of sophisticated healthcare systems. For end-to-end communication, these systems rely on digital medical information. Although this digitizing saves much time, it is open source. As a result, hackers could potentially manipulate the digital medical image as it is being transmitted. It is harder to diagnose an actual disease from a modified digital medical image in medical diagnostics. As a result, ensuring the security and confidentiality of clinical images, as well as reducing the computing time of encryption algorithms, appear to be critical problems for research groups. Conventional approaches are insufficient to ensure high-level medical image security. So this review paper focuses on depicting advanced methods like DNA cryptography and Chaotic Map as advanced techniques that could potentially help in encrypting the digital image at an effective level. This review acknowledges the key accomplishments expressed in the encrypting measures and their success indicators of qualitative and quantitative measurement. This research study also explores the key findings and reasons for finding the lessons learned as a roadmap for impending findings.

Requirement Elicitation is a key phase in software development. The fundamental goal of security requirement elicitation is to gather appropriate security needs and policies from stakeholders or organizations. The majority of systems fail due to incorrect elicitation procedures, affecting development time and cost. Security requirement elicitation is a major activity of requirement engineering that requires the attention of developers and other stakeholders. To produce quality requirements during software development, the authors suggested a methodology for effective requirement elicitation. Many challenges surround requirement engineering. These concerns can be connected to scope, preconceptions in requirements, etc. Other difficulties include user confusion over technological specifics, leading to confusing system aims. They also don't realize that the requirements are dynamic and prone to change. To protect the privacy of medical images, the proposed image cryptosystem uses a CCM-generated chaotic key series to confuse and diffuse them. A hexadecimal pre-processing technique is used to increase the security of color images utilising a hyper chaos-based image cryptosystem. Finally, a double-layered security system for biometric photos is built employing chaos and DNA cryptography.

Today, social communication through the Internet has become more popular and has become a crucial part of our daily life. Naturally, sending and receiving various data through the Internet has also grown a lot. Keeping important data secure in transit has become a challenge for individuals and even organizations. Therefore, the trinity of confidentiality, integrity, and availability will be essential, and encryption will definitely be one of the best solutions to this problem. Of course, for image data, it will not be possible to use conventional encryption methods for various reasons, such as the redundancy of image data, the strong correlation of adj acent pixels, and the large volume of image data. Therefore, special methods were developed for image encryption. Among the prevalent methods for image encryption is the use of DNA sequences as well as chaos signals. In this paper, a cycling 3D chaotic map and DNA sequences are used to present a new method for color image encryption. Several experimental analyses were performed on the proposed method, and the results proved that the presented method is secure and efficient.