Network Coding - Precise binary code vulnerability detection is a significant research topic in software security. Currently, the majority of software is released in binary form, and the corresponding vulnerability detection approaches for binary code are desired. Existing deep learning-based detection techniques can only detect binary code vulnerabilities but cannot precisely identify the types of vulnerabilities. This paper proposes a Binary code-based Hybrid neural network for Multiclass Vulnerability Detection, dubbed BHMVD. BHMVD generates binary slices according to the control dependence and data dependence of library/API function calls, and then extracts syntax features from binary slices to generate type slices, which can help identify vulnerability types. This paper uses a hybrid neural network of CNN-BLSTM to extract vulnerability features from binary and type slices. The former extracts local features, while the latter extracts global features. Experiment results on 19 types of vulnerabilities show that BHMVD is effective for binary code-based multiclass vulnerability detection, and using a hybrid neural network can improve detection ability.

Network Coding - Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are drawing enormous attention in both commercial and military applications to facilitate dynamic wireless communications and deliver seamless connectivity due to their flexible deployment, inherent line-ofsight (LOS) air-to-ground (A2G) channels, and high mobility. These advantages, however, render UAV-enabled wireless communication systems susceptible to eavesdropping attempts. Hence, there is a strong need to protect the wireless channel through which most of the UAV-enabled applications share data with each other. There exist various error correction techniques such as Low Density Parity Check (LDPC), polar codes that provide safe and reliable data transmission by exploiting the physical layer but require high transmission power. Also, the security gap achieved by these error-correction techniques must be reduced to improve the security level. In this paper, we present deep learning (DL) enabled punctured LDPC codes to provide secure and reliable transmission of data for UAVs through the Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel irrespective of the computational power and channel state information (CSI) of the Eavesdropper. Numerical result analysis shows that the proposed scheme reduces the Bit Error Rate (BER) at Bob effectively as compared to Eve and the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) per bit value of 3.5 dB is achieved at the maximum threshold value of BER. Also, the security gap is reduced by 47.22 \% as compared to conventional LDPC codes.

Network Coding - Software vulnerabilities, caused by unintentional flaws in source codes, are the main root cause of cyberattacks. Source code static analysis has been used extensively to detect the unintentional defects, i.e. vulnerabilities, introduced into the source codes by software developers. In this paper, we propose a deep learning approach to detect vulnerabilities from their LLVM IR representations based on the techniques that have been used in natural language processing. The proposed approach uses a hierarchical process to first identify source codes with vulnerabilities, and then it identifies the lines of codes that contribute to the vulnerability within the detected source codes. This proposed twostep approach reduces the false alarm of detecting vulnerable lines. Our extensive experiment on real-world and synthetic codes collected in NVD and SARD shows high accuracy (about 98\%) in detecting source code vulnerabilities 1.

Network Coding - With the continuous development of the Internet, artificial intelligence, 5G and other technologies, various issues have started to receive attention, among which the network security issue is now one of the key research directions for relevant research scholars at home and abroad. This paper researches on the basis of traditional Internet technology to establish a security identification system on top of the network physical layer of the Internet, which can effectively identify some security problems on top of the network infrastructure equipment and solve the identified security problems on the physical layer. This experiment is to develop a security identification system, research and development in the network physical level of the Internet, compared with the traditional development of the relevant security identification system in the network layer, the development in the physical layer, can be based on the physical origin of the protection, from the root to solve part of the network security problems, can effectively carry out the identification and solution of network security problems. The experimental results show that the security identification system can identify some basic network security problems very effectively, and the system is developed based on the physical layer of the Internet network, and the protection is carried out from the physical device, and the retransmission symbol error rates of CQ-PNC algorithm and ML algorithm in the experiment are 110 and 102, respectively. The latter has a lower error rate and better protection.

Network Coding - Aiming at the problem of security transmission in the space-terrestrial integrated networks, this paper proposes a physical layer secure transmission architecture based on concatenated LT and LDPC Codes. The outer code LT code adopts real-time random sampling coding, which can form a complex random interconnection structure and fully expand the randomness. The inner code LDPC code generates different codes through the random change of cyclic shift vector, Reduce the node interconnection deterioration caused by randomization on soft decision decoding, and obtain weak randomness high-performance error correction coding through storage optimized high-performance check matrix combined with soft decision decoding. The analysis and simulation results show that the proposed security transmission method not only improves the security of transmission, but also maintains the high transmission efficiency. Therefore it can be applied to the field of secure communication.

Network Coding - Network Coding (NC) enabled cellular networks can be penetrated by faulty packets that deviates the target nodes from decoding packets received. Even a little amount of pollution can be very quickly spread to remaining packets because of the resource exploitation at intermediary nodes. Numerous methods for protecting against data pollution attacks have been developed in the last few years. Another popular alternative is the Homomorphic Message Authentication Code (HMAC). Hackers can target HMAC by tampering with the end-of-packet tags, known as tag pollution assaults, in order to evade detection. To prevent data pollution and tag pollution assaults, a HMAC-based method can be used using two separate MAC tags. In the 5G wireless communication, small cells and collaborative networks have been extensively investigated. The use of network coding in wireless networks can increase throughput while consuming less power. Strong integrity procedures are essential for a coding environment to combat threats like pollution assaults and take full advantage of network coding. Latency and computation overhead can be reduced while maintaining security by modifying and optimising the existing integrity algorithms. This research focuses on analysing security threats in NC enabled small cells.

Network Coding - We propose and investigate a novel scheme of delay attack-resistant network based on optical code division multiple access (OCDMA). The bit error rate (BER) is analyzed theoretically, and the closed expression of BER is obtained. The system has a corresponding optimal threshold to minimize the BER in different cases. At the same transmission power, the BER will decrease when the code weight increases. Furthermore, the maximum number of users is different with different code weight and transmission power. Optisystem simulation results show that OCDMA system has delay attack-resistant performance, which can effectively improve the physical layer security of optical network.

Network Coding - This paper proposes a hybrid encryption scheme for multi-relay (MR) physical-layer network coding (PNC). Based on the three-relay (3R) bidirectional communication model, first, we discuss the throughput performance of the PNC compared with the traditional scheme (TS) and network coding (NC) system. Through the analysis of transmission efficiency, the superior throughput of the PNC system is demonstrated. Then, to further improve the security of the communication system, we give a scheme of advanced encryption standard (AES) and RivestShamir-Adleman (RSA) hybrid encryption, namely AR hybrid encryption. Finally, we embed the AR hybrid encryption into the multi-relay PNC communication system. At relay nodes of the ARPNC system, we focus on solving the problem of signal mapping. In the meantime, to reduce the performance loss caused by the increase of relay nodes, we exploit Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) code to enhance the decoding accuracy. The experimental results and security analysis show that the proposed scheme can boost the system throughput and transmission dependability and stronger the security of the communication system.

Network Coding - This paper introduces a method to improve the transmission model of BigNum network coding. The main contents include the research status of network coding, the principle of BigNum network coding, the security problems existing in the existing technology, the new coding matrix proposed for the problem, the beneficial effect of the new matrix and comparison. In this paper, to improve the security of BigNum network coding, we propose two new coding matrix forms: random number matrix and Fibonacci generation matrix. We also give a proof of the invertibility of Fibonacci generate matrix.

Network Coding - Network coding is getting wider and wider applications. Among which, many studies aim to leverage network coding to improve network security. However, a clear security classification and hierarchy is still missing so far. By classifying and articulating existing schemes, this paper proposed a security hierarchy of network coding system for the community. Four security grades: basic security, weak security, perfect security, and strong security, are tiered with different security strength. The tenet and implementation of them are expounded. The hierarchy helps delineate, classify, and differentiate secure network coding.

Network Accountability - Important for cloud services the cloud computing share throw multiple clients , and it is more important to allocate resources for cloud service provider , cloud computing is an infrastructure that provides on demand network services , in relation , the most important feature of the cloud services is that user’s data are hosted in remote . While taking benefit of this new emerging technology, users’ fear of losing command of their own data, is becoming a noteworthy hurdle to the extensive implementation of cloud services. Cloud service provider module is to process data owner request for storing data files and application and provides cloud users log details to data owner for audit purpose, to address this problem framework based on information accountability to keep track and trial of the authentic handling of the users’ data in the cloud. The system proposed that the Data can be fully tracked by the owner and follow up the service agreements by depending on many items which access, usage control and management.

Nearest Neighbor Search - One of the most significant and widely used IT breakthroughs nowadays is cloud computing. Today, the majority of enterprises use private or public cloud computing services for their computing infrastructure. Cyber-attackers regularly target Cloud resources by inserting malicious code or obfuscated malware onto the server. These malware programmes that are obfuscated are so clever that they often manage to evade the detection technology that is in place. Unfortunately, they are discovered long after they have done significant harm to the server. Machine Learning (ML) techniques have shown to be effective at finding malware in a wide range of fields. To address feature selection (FS) challenges, this study uses the wrapperbased Binary Bat Algorithm (BBA), Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA), Mayfly Algorithm (MA), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and then k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN), Random Forest (RF), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) are used to classify the benign and malicious records to measure the performance in terms of various metrics. CIC-MalMem-2022, the most recent malware memory dataset, is used to evaluate and test the proposed approach and it is found that the proposed system is an acceptable solution to detect malware.

Nearest Neighbor Search - With the rise and development of cloud computing, more and more companies try to outsource computing and storage to cloud in order to save storage and computing cost. Due to the rich information contained in images, the explosion of images is booming the image outsourcing. However, images may contain a lot of sensitive information and cloud servers are always not trusted. Directly outsourcing may lead to data breaches and incur privacy and security concerns. This has partly led to renewed interest in privacy-preserving encrypted image retrieval. However, there are still many challenges, such as low search accuracy and inefficiency due to the hundreds of high dimensional features extracted from a single image and the large scale of images. To address these challenges, in this paper, we propose an efficient, scalable and privacy-preserving image retrieval scheme via ball tree. First, the pre-trained Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model is employed to extract image feature vectors to improve search accuracy. Next, an encrypted ball tree is constructed by using Learning With Errors(LWE)based secure k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN) algorithm. Finally, we conduct comprehensive experiments on real-world datasets and give a brief security analysis. The results show that our scheme is practical in terms of security, accuracy, and efficiency.

Nearest Neighbor Search - The organization formed by the connection established between computers, typically by cable, for the purpose of communicating and transmitting data is known as a network. A computer network is a collection of interconnected computers that allow for the sharing of resources including data, programs, and files. When people think of computer networks, they think of the Internet. In this paper, we proposed the usage of a new technique for the categorization of computer network traffic that is based on deep sparse autoencoders and k-nearest-neighbor (KNN) that has been optimized with Grid Search. The autoencoders took the input data and extracted high-level characteristics from it, then connected those features to the KNN. The KNN was used to divide the characteristics into three distinct kinds of assaults (normal and abnormal). In comparison to other investigations, the proposed approach demonstrated an accuracy of 98.23\% in its results.

Nearest Neighbor Search - Web component fingerprint library is the basis to solve the problem of Web component identification. A complete and accurate Web component fingerprint library can effectively improve the Web component identification capability. At present, the expansion mode of Web component fingerprint database is still mainly based on expert experience for manual mining, which is difficult to expand and update. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a method to efficiently extend the Web component fingerprint library. To solve this problem, an intelligent method for mining Web components and fingerprints is proposed. This method uses the idea of manual mining new components for reference, and uses the search result characteristics of Web components in search engines to intelligently mine new Web components. At the same time, the fingerprint of Web components can be obtained automatically through data mining on the websites where new components are applied. The experimental results show that 22 new components and 102 component fingerprints have been found in a short time by using intelligent mining methods, which can efficiently mine Web components and fingerprints. Compared with the current mainstream manual mining methods, the efficiency of this method is greatly improved, which proves the feasibility of this method.

Nearest Neighbor Search - The data of large-scale distributed demand-side iot devices are gradually migrated to the cloud. This cloud deployment mode makes it convenient for IoT devices to participate in the interaction between supply and demand, and at the same time exposes various vulnerabilities of IoT devices to the Internet, which can be easily accessed and manipulated by hackers to launch large-scale DDoS attacks. As an easy-to-understand supervised learning classification algorithm, KNN can obtain more accurate classification results without too many adjustment parameters, and has achieved many research achievements in the field of DDoS detection. However, in the face of high-dimensional data, this method has high operation cost, high cost and not practical. Aiming at this disadvantage, this chapter explores the potential of classical KNN algorithm in data storage structure, Knearest neighbor search and hyperparameter optimization, and proposes an improved KNN algorithm for DDoS attack detection of demand-side IoT devices.

Nearest Neighbor Search - Network security is one of the main challenges faced by network administrators and owners, especially with the increasing numbers and types of attacks. This rapid increase results in a need to develop different protection techniques and methods. Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS) are a method to detect and analyze network traffic to identify attacks and notify network administrators. Recently, machine learning (ML) techniques have been extensively applied in developing detection systems. Due to the high complexity of data exchanged over the networks, applying ML techniques will negatively impact system performance as many features need to be analyzed. To select the most relevant features subset from the input data, a feature selection technique is used, which results in enhancing the overall performance of the NIDS. In this paper, we propose a wrapper approach as a feature selection based on a Chaotic Crow Search Algorithm (CCSA) for anomaly network intrusion detection systems. Experiments were conducted on the LITNET2020 dataset. To the best of our knowledge, our proposed method can be considered the first selection algorithm applied on this dataset based on swarm intelligence optimization to find a special subset of features for binary and multiclass classifications that optimizes the performance for all classes at the same time.The model was evaluated using several ML classifiers namely, Knearest neighbors (KNN), Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Multi-layer perceptron (MLP), and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM). The results proved that the proposed algorithm is more efficient in improving the performance of NIDS in terms of accuracy, detection rate, precision, F-score, specificity, and false alarm rate, outperforming state-of-the-art feature selection techniques recently proposed in the literature.

Nearest Neighbor Search - Nearest neighbor search is a fundamental buildingblock for a wide range of applications. A privacy-preserving protocol for nearest neighbor search involves a set of clients who send queries to a remote database. Each client retrieves the nearest neighbor(s) to its query in the database without revealing any information about the query. To ensure database privacy, clients must learn as little as possible beyond the query answer, even if behaving maliciously by deviating from protocol.

Nearest Neighbor Search - Security CCTV cameras are important for public safety. These cameras record continuously 24/7 and produce a large amount of video data. If the videos are not reviewed immediately after an incident, it can be difficult and timeconsuming to find a specific person out of many hours of recording. In this work we present a system that can search for people that fit a textual description in a video. It utilizes a imagetext multimodal deep learning model to calculate the similarity between an image of a person against a text description and find the top matches. Normally this would require calculating the textimage similarity scores between one text description and every person in the video, which is O(n) in the number of people in the video and therefore impractical for real-time search. We propose a solution to this by pre-calculating embeddings of person images and applying approximate nearest neighbor vector search. At inference time, only one forward pass through the deep learning model is needed, the computational cost is therefore the time to embed a text description O(1), plus the time to perform an approximate nearest neighbor search O(log(n)). This makes realtime interactive search possible.

Natural Language Processing - Dissemination of fake news is a matter of major concern that can result in national and social damage with devastating impacts. The misleading information on the internet is dubious and seems to be arduous for identification. Machine learning models are becoming an irreplaceable component in the detection of fake news spreading on the social media. LSTM is a memory based machine learning model for the detection of false news. LSTM has a promising approach and eradicates the issue of vanishing gradient in RNNs. The integration of natural language processing and LSTM model is considered to be effective in the false news identification.

Natural Language Processing - Rule-based Web vulnerability detection is the most common method, usually based on the analysis of the website code and the feedback on detection of the target. In the process, large amount of contaminated data and network pressure will be generated, the false positive rate is high. This study implements a detection platform on the basis of the crawler and NLP. We use the crawler obtain the HTTP request on the target system firstly, classify the dataset according to whether there is parameter and whether the samples get to interact with a database. then we convert text word vector, carries on the dimensionality of serialized, through train dataset by NLP algorithm, finally obtain a model that can accurately predict Web vulnerabilities. Experimental results show that this method can detect Web vulnerabilities efficiently, greatly reduce invalid attack test parameters, and reduce network pressure.

Natural Language Processing - Application code analysis and static rules are the most common methods for Web vulnerability detection, but this process will generate a large amount of contaminated data and network pressure, the false positive rate is high. This study implements a detection system on the basis of the crawler and NLP. The crawler visits page in imitation of a human, we collect the HTTP request and response as dataset, classify the dataset according to parameter characteristic and whether the samples get to interact with a database, then we convert text word vector, reduce the dimension and serialized them, through train dataset by NLP algorithm, finally we obtain a model that can accurately predict Web vulnerabilities. Experimental results show that this method can detect Web vulnerabilities efficiently, greatly reduce invalid attack test parameters, and reduce network pressure.

Natural Language Processing - Story Ending Generation (SEG) is a challenging task in natural language generation. Recently, methods based on Pretrained Language Models (PLM) have achieved great prosperity, which can produce fluent and coherent story endings. However, the pre-training objective of PLM-based methods is unable to model the consistency between story context and ending. The goal of this paper is to adopt contrastive learning to generate endings more consistent with story context, while there are two main challenges in contrastive learning of SEG. First is the negative sampling of wrong endings inconsistent with story contexts. The second challenge is the adaptation of contrastive learning for SEG. To address these two issues, we propose a novel Contrastive Learning framework for Story Ending Generation (CLSEG)†, which has two steps: multi-aspect sampling and story-specific contrastive learning. Particularly, for the first issue, we utilize novel multi-aspect sampling mechanisms to obtain wrong endings considering the consistency of order, causality, and sentiment. To solve the second issue, we well-design a story-specific contrastive training strategy that is adapted for SEG. Experiments show that CLSEG outperforms baselines and can produce story endings with stronger consistency and rationality.

Natural Language Processing - The new capital city (IKN) of the Republic of Indonesia has been ratified and inaugurated by President Joko Widodo since January 2022. Unfortunately, there are still many Indonesian citizens who do not understand all the information regarding the determination of the new capital city. Even though the Indonesian Government has created an official website regarding the new capital city (www.ikn.go.id) the information is still not optimal because web page visitors are still unable to interact actively with the required information. Therefore, the development of the Chatting Robot (Chatbot) application is deemed necessary to become an interactive component in obtaining information needed by users related to new capital city. In this study, a chatbot application was developed by applying Natural Language Processing (NLP) using the Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TFIDF) method for term weighting and the Cosine-Similarity algorithm to calculate the similarity of the questions asked by the user. The research successfully designed and developed a chatbot application using the Cosine-Similarity algorithm. The testing phase of the chatbot model uses several scenarios related to the points of NLP implementation. The test results show that all scenarios of questions asked can be responded well by the chatbot.

Natural Language Processing - In today’s digital era, online attacks are increasing in number and are becoming severe day by day, especially those related to web applications. The data accessible over the web persuades the attackers to dispatch new kinds of attacks. Serious exploration on web security has shown that the most hazardous attack that affects web security is the Structured Query Language Injection(SQLI). This attack addresses a genuine threat to web application security and a few examination works have been directed to defend against this attack by detecting it when it happens. Traditional methods like input validation and filtering, use of parameterized queries, etc. are not sufficient to counter these attacks as they rely solely on the implementation of the code hence factoring in the developer’s skill-set which in turn gave rise to Machine Learning based solutions. In this study, we have proposed a novel approach that takes the help of Natural Language Processing(NLP) and uses BERT for feature extraction that is capable to adapt to SQLI variants and provides an accuracy of 97\% with a false positive rate of 0.8\% and a false negative rate of 5.8\%.